一、JPA是什么
-
PA(Java Persistence API)是Java持久化规范,是ORM框架的标准,主流ORM框架都实现了这个标准。
- ORM是一种思想,是在应用程序与JDBC
API
之间插入的一个中间层 - JDBC并不能很好地支持面向对象的程序设计,ORM解决了这个问题,通过JDBC将字段高效的与对象进行映射
二、使用步骤
1.创建maven项目、导入Maven坐标
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.hibernate.version>5.0.7.Final</project.hibernate.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<version>1.18.26</version>
</dependency>
<!-- junit -->
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- hibernate对jpa的支持包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>
<version>${project.hibernate.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- c3p0 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-c3p0</artifactId>
<version>${project.hibernate.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- log日志 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
<version>1.2.17</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Mysql and MariaDB -->
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>8.0.31</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
2.创建配置文件,在META-INF文件夹中创建persistence.xml
3.在persistence.xml配置持久化单元,底层供应商,数据库信息(驱动、url、用户名、密码), Hibernate个性化配置(显示sql、格式化sql、自动建表)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd"
version="2.0">
<!--配置持久化单元
name:持久化单元名称
transaction-type:事务类型
RESOURCE_LOCAL:本地事务管理
JTA:分布式事务管理 -->
<persistence-unit name="myJpa" transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<!--配置JPA规范的服务提供商 -->
<provider>org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider</provider>
<properties>
<!-- 数据库驱动 -->
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver" />
<!-- 数据库地址 -->
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpa" />
<!-- 数据库用户名 -->
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root" />
<!-- 数据库密码 -->
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="123sa" />
<!--jpa提供者的可选配置:我们的JPA规范的提供者为hibernate,所以jpa的核心配置中兼容hibernate的配 -->
<property name="hibernate.show_sql" value="true" />
<property name="hibernate.format_sql" value="true" />
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update" />
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
4.数据库、数据表创建,实体类的创建
package com.yy.entity;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import javax.persistence.*;
/**
* @Author 杨
* @CreateDate 2023-07-04 11:20
**/
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Entity
@Table(name = "t_users")
public class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private int id;
private String username;
private String pwd;
private int age;
public User(String username, String pwd, int age) {
this.username = username;
this.pwd = pwd;
this.age = age;
}
}
5.测试
@Test
public void aa(){
EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myJpa");
//创建实体管理类
EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
//获取事务对象
EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction();
//开启事务
tx.begin();
User u = new User("杨","456",24);
//保存操作
em.persist(u);
//提交事务
tx.commit();
//释放资源
em.close();
factory.close();
}
三、基本增删改查操作
- 增加:persist(临时对象)
public void aa(){ EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myJpa"); //创建实体管理类 EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); //获取事务对象 EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); //开启事务 tx.begin(); User u = new User("杨滢","456",24); //保存操作 em.persist(u); //提交事务 tx.commit(); //释放资源 em.close(); factory.close(); }
- 删除:remove(持久化对象)
public void del(){ EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myJpa"); //创建实体管理类 EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); //获取事务对象 EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); //开启事务 tx.begin(); User u = em.find(User.class, 1); //删除操作 em.remove(u); //提交事务 tx.commit(); //释放资源 em.close(); factory.close(); }
- 修改:merge(持久化对象)
通过查询方法先查询对象,修改属性,调用merge方法
通过查询方法先查询对象,修改属性,entityManager提交之后,发送修改语句
通过new对象数据,没有id的对象执行添加操作,有id的对象
如果id存在,属性有所变动,执行修改语句
如果id不存在,执行添加操作public void upd(){ EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myJpa"); //创建实体管理类 EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); //获取事务对象 EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); //开启事务 tx.begin(); User u = em.find(User.class, 1); u.setAge(18); //修改操作 em.merge(u); //提交事务 tx.commit(); //释放资源 em.close(); factory.close(); }
- 查询:find(反射类型,主键) 及时加载,如果主键对象不存在,得到null
getReference(反射类型,主键),懒加载,如果主键对象不存在,报错空指针public void sel(){ EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myJpa"); //创建实体管理类 EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); //获取事务对象 EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); //开启事务 tx.begin(); User user = em.find(User.class, 1); System.out.println(user); //提交事务 tx.commit(); //释放资源 em.close(); factory.close(); }
四、复杂查询操作
- 查询全部
public void sel(){ EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myJpa"); //创建实体管理类 EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); //获取事务对象 EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); //开启事务 tx.begin(); String jpa1="from User"; Query query = em.createQuery(jpa1); // 查询并得到返回结果 List list = query.getResultList(); // 得到集合返回类型 for (Object object : list) { System.out.println(object); } //提交事务 tx.commit(); //释放资源 em.close(); factory.close(); }
- 分页查询
public void limit(){ EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myJpa"); //创建实体管理类 EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); //获取事务对象 EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); //开启事务 tx.begin(); String jpa1="from User"; Query query = em.createQuery(jpa1); query.setFirstResult(0); query.setMaxResults(2); // 查询并得到返回结果 List list = query.getResultList(); // 得到集合返回类型 for (Object object : list) { System.out.println(object); } //提交事务 tx.commit(); //释放资源 em.close(); factory.close(); }
-
条件查询
public void where(){ EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myJpa"); //创建实体管理类 EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager(); //获取事务对象 EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); //开启事务 tx.begin(); String jpa1="from User where username like ?1"; Query query = em.createQuery(jpa1); query.setParameter(1, "%杨%"); // 查询并得到返回结果 List list = query.getResultList(); // 得到集合返回类型 for (Object object : list) { System.out.println(object); } //提交事务 tx.commit(); //释放资源 em.close(); factory.close(); }
五、对象的状态转换