awk练习题二

awk中的变量分为：内置和自定义变量

常见的内置变量

FS：输入字段分隔符，默认为空白字符，功能相当于-F

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: '{print $1,$3}' /etc/passwd |head -n3
root 0
bin 1
daemon 2
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -v FS=":" '{print $1,$3}' /etc/passwd |head -n3
root 0
bin 1
daemon 2

使用FS变量比-F更灵活，两个同时用会冲突，-F优先级高

[root@y_zilong ~]# S=:;awk -v FS=$S '{print $1FS$3}' /etc/passwd|head -n3
root:0
bin:1
daemon:2

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -v FS=":" '{print $1FS$3}' /etc/passwd|head -n3
root:0
bin:1
daemon:2
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

OFS:输出字段分隔符，默认为空白字符

[root@y_zilong ~]#  awk -v FS=':' '{print $1,$3,$7}' /etc/passwd|head -n1
root 0 /bin/bash

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -v FS=':' -v OFS=':' '{print $1,$3,$7}' /etc/passwd|head -n1
root:0:/bin/bash
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

NF：字段数量

字段：列，属性，域field

[root@y_zilong ~]# cat /etc/fstab |head -n5

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Apr  9 15:44:30 2021
#
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: '{print NF}' /etc/fstab |head -n5
0
1
1
3
1
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

#引用NF变量时，变量前不需加$

[root@y_zilong ~]# cat /etc/passwd|head -n5
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: '{print NF}' /etc/passwd |head -n5
7
7
7
7
7

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: '{print $NF}' /etc/passwd |head -n5
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/sbin/nologin
/sbin/nologin
/sbin/nologin

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: '{print $(NF-1)}' /etc/passwd |head -n5
/root
/bin
/sbin
/var/adm
/var/spool/lpd
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

[root@y_zilong ~]# ss -nt
State         Recv-Q          Send-Q                    Local Address:Port                    Peer Address:Port          
ESTAB         0               52                           10.0.0.133:22                          10.0.0.1:2990    

[root@y_zilong ~]# ss -nt |grep "^ESTAB"
ESTAB   0         52               10.0.0.133:22               10.0.0.1:2990  

[root@y_zilong ~]# ss -nt |grep "^ESTAB" |awk -F"[[:space:]]+|:" '{print $(NF-2)}'
10.0.0.1

[root@y_zilong ~]# ss -nt|awk -F"[[:space:]]+|:" '/^ESTAB/{print $(NF-2)}'
10.0.0.1
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

NR：记录的编号

记录：行

[root@y_zilong ~]# cat /etc/issue
\S
Kernel \r on an \m

[root@y_zilong ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 8.0.1905 (Core) 
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk '{print NR,$0}' /etc/issue /etc/centos-release
1 \S
2 Kernel \r on an \m
3 
4 CentOS Linux release 8.0.1905 (Core) 
[root@y_zilong ~]#

BEGIN语句块在awk开始从输入流中读取行之前被执行，这是一个可选的语句块，比如变量初始化、打印输出表格的表头等语句通常在BEGIN语句块中；

END语句块在awk从输入流中读取完所有的行之后即被执行，比如打印所有行的分析结果这类信息汇总都是在END语句块中完成，它也是一个可选语句块；

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: '{print NR}' /etc/passwd 
1
2
3
4
..
46
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: 'BEGIN{print NR}' /etc/passwd
0
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: 'END{print NR}' /etc/passwd
46
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

取ifconfig输出结果中的IP地址

[root@y_zilong ~]# ifconfig ens33|awk '/netmask/{print $2}'
10.0.0.133

[root@y_zilong ~]# ifconfig ens33|awk 'NR==2{print $2}'
10.0.0.133
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

FNR:各文件分别计数，记录的编号

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk '{print FNR,$0}' /etc/issue /etc/centos-release
1 \S
2 Kernel \r on an \m
3 
1 CentOS Linux release 8.0.1905 (Core) 
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

FILENAME:当前文件名

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk '{print FILENAME}' /etc/fstab 
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk '{print FNR,FILENAME,$0}' /etc/issue /etc/redhat-release 
1 /etc/issue \S
2 /etc/issue Kernel \r on an \m
3 /etc/issue 
1 /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 8.0.1905 (Core) 
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

ARGC:命令行参数的个数

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk '{print ARGC}' /etc/issue /etc/redhat-release 
3
3
3
3
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk 'BEGIN{print ARGC}' /etc/issue /etc/redhat-release 
3
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

ARGV:数组，保存的是命令行所给定的各参数，每一个参数：ARGV[0],...

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[0]}' /etc/issue /etc/redhat-release 
awk
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]}' /etc/issue /etc/redhat-release 
/etc/issue
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[2]}' /etc/issue /etc/redhat-release 
/etc/redhat-release
[root@y_zilong ~]# awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[3]}' /etc/issue /etc/redhat-release 

[root@y_zilong ~]# 

自定义变量

自定义变量是区分字符大小写的，赋值方式

-v var=value

在program中直接定义

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -v test1=test2="hello" 'BEGIN{print test1,test2}'
test2=hello 

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -v test1=test2="hello" 'BEGIN{test1=test2="hello";print test1,test2}'
hello hello
[root@y_zilong ~]# 

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -v test="hello" 'BEGIN{print test}' 
hello

[root@y_zilong ~]# awk -F: '{sex="male";print $1,sex,age;age=18}' /etc/passwd |head -n3
root male 
bin male 18
daemon male 18
[root@y_zilong ~]#