AsyncTask的工作原理

在1.6之前，AsyncTask是串行执行任务的，1.6的时候AsyncTask开始采用线程池里处理并行任务，但是从3.0开始，为了避免AsyncTask所带来的并发错误，AsyncTask又采用一个线程来串行执行任务。
具体执行流程，通过源码来分析：

public AsyncTask() {
        mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
            public Result call() throws Exception {
                mTaskInvoked.set(true);
                Result result = null;
                try {
                    Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
                    //noinspection unchecked
                    result = doInBackground(mParams);
                    Binder.flushPendingCommands();
                } catch (Throwable tr) {
                    mCancelled.set(true);
                    throw tr;
                } finally {
                    postResult(result);
                }
                return result;
            }
        };

        mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
            @Override
            protected void done() {
                try {
                    postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
                } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("An error occurred while executing doInBackground()",
                            e.getCause());
                } catch (CancellationException e) {
                    postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
                }
            }
        };
    }

在AsyncTask的构造函数中依次实例化了mWorker和mFuture，AsyncTask的构造函数需要在UI线程上调用。
mWorker
mWorker其实是一个Callable类型的对象。实例化mWorker，实现了Callable接口的call方法。call方法是在线程池的某个线程中执行的，而不是运行在主线程中。在线程池的工作线程中执行doInBackground方法，执行实际的任务，并返回结果。当doInBackground执行完毕后，将执行完的结果传递给postResult方法。

mFuture
mFuture是一个FutureTask类型的对象，用mWorker作为参数实例化了mFuture。在这里，其实现了FutureTask的done方法，当FutureTask的任务执行完成或任务取消的时候会执行FutureTask的done方法。

在实例化了AsyncTask对象之后，我们就可以调用AsyncTask的execute方法执行任务，execute代码如下所示：

@MainThread
    public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> execute(Params... params) {
        return executeOnExecutor(sDefaultExecutor, params);
    }

@MainThread
    public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec,
            Params... params) {
        if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {
            switch (mStatus) {
                case RUNNING:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
                            + " the task is already running.");
                case FINISHED:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
                            + " the task has already been executed "
                            + "(a task can be executed only once)");
            }
        }

        mStatus = Status.RUNNING;

        onPreExecute();

        mWorker.mParams = params;
        exec.execute(mFuture);

        return this;
    }

execute方法调用了executeOnExecutor方法，并且把sDefaultExecutor作为参数传递给了executeOnExecutor，此处就能看出sDefaultExecutor是默认执行任务的Executor了。
在executeOnExecutor方法中，首先判断AsyncTask的当前状态，如果当前状态为RUNNING或者FINISHED抛出IllegalStateException异常，不是以上两种状态则将当前状态置为Status.RUNNING，再执行onPreExecute()方法，Executor的execute方法接收Runnable参数，由于mFuture是FutureTask的实例，且FutureTask同时实现了Callable和Runnable接口，所以此处可以让exec执行mFuture。进入sDefaultExecutor的execute方法查看。

private static class SerialExecutor implements Executor {
        final ArrayDeque<Runnable> mTasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>();
        Runnable mActive;

        public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) {
            mTasks.offer(new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        r.run();
                    } finally {
                        scheduleNext();
                    }
                }
            });
            if (mActive == null) {
                scheduleNext();
            }
        }

        protected synchronized void scheduleNext() {
            if ((mActive = mTasks.poll()) != null) {
                THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive);
            }
        }
    }

SerialExecutor内部维护了一个存放Runnable的双端队列mTasks。当执行SerialExecutor的execute方法时，会传入一个Runnable变量r，但是mTasks并不直接存储r，而是又新new了一个匿名Runnable对象，其内部会调用r，这样就对r进行了封装，将该封装后的Runnable对象通过队列的offer方法入队，添加到mTasks的队尾。
SerialExecutor内部通过mActive存储着当前正在执行的任务Runnable。当执行SerialExecutor的execute方法时，首先会向mTasks的队尾添加进一个Runnable。然后判断如果mActive为null，即当前没有任务Runnable正在运行，那么就会执行scheduleNext()方法。当执行scheduleNext方法的时候，会首先从mTasks中通过poll方法出队，删除并返回队头的Runnable，将返回的Runnable赋值给mActive，如果不为空，那么就让将其作为参数传递给THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR的execute方法进行执行。由此，我们可以看出SerialExecutor实际上是通过定义的线程池THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR进行实际的处理的。
当将mTasks中的Runnable作为参数传递给THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR执行execute方法时，会在线程池的工作线程中执行匿名内部类Runnable中的try-finally代码段，即先在工作线程中执行r.run()方法去执行任务，无论任务r正常完成还是抛出异常，都会在finally中执行scheduleNext方法，用于执行mTasks中的下一个任务。从而在此处我们可以看出SerialExecutor是一个接一个执行任务，是串行执行任务，而不是并行执行。
执行r.run()方法时，其实是调用到了FutureTask的run()方法，如下:

public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RUNNER, null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                    result = c.call();
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);
                }
                if (ran)
                    set(result);
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }

通过result = c.call();调用到上面说明的AsyncTask构造函数中的mWorker的call()方法，执行doInBackground方法并返回结果，在finally中执行postResult方法，并将结果作为postResult方法的参数。

private Result postResult(Result result) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Message message = getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
                new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
        message.sendToTarget();
        return result;
    }

private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {
        public InternalHandler() {
            super(Looper.getMainLooper());
        }

        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"})
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            AsyncTaskResult<?> result = (AsyncTaskResult<?>) msg.obj;
            switch (msg.what) {
                case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT:
                    // There is only one result
                    result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]);
                    break;
                case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:
                    result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);
                    break;
            }
        }
    }

private static class AsyncTaskResult<Data> {
        final AsyncTask mTask;
        final Data[] mData;

        AsyncTaskResult(AsyncTask task, Data... data) {
            mTask = task;
            mData = data;
        }
    }

在postResult方法中发送消息，消息的obj是AsyncTaskResult，包含AsyncTask和doInBackground方法返回的结果数据。交给InternalHandler的handleMessage方法去处理，执行AsyncTask的finish方法

private void finish(Result result) {
        if (isCancelled()) {
            onCancelled(result);
        } else {
            onPostExecute(result);
        }
        mStatus = Status.FINISHED;
    }

调用到onPostExecute(result)方法，在onPostExcute方法中执行更新UI的操作，并将状态置为Status.FINISHED。

AsyncTask默认是串行执行的，但是它也支持并行执行。
通过调用AsyncTask的executeOnExecutor方法，传入THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR作为参数即可。

    private static final int CORE_POOL_SIZE = Math.max(2, Math.min(CPU_COUNT - 1, 4));
    private static final int MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT * 2 + 1;
    private static final int KEEP_ALIVE_SECONDS = 30;

    private static final ThreadFactory sThreadFactory = new ThreadFactory() {
        private final AtomicInteger mCount = new AtomicInteger(1);

        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
            return new Thread(r, "AsyncTask #" + mCount.getAndIncrement());
        }
    };

    private static final BlockingQueue<Runnable> sPoolWorkQueue =
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(128);

    /**
     * An {@link Executor} that can be used to execute tasks in parallel.
     */
    public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR;

    static {
        ThreadPoolExecutor threadPoolExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
                CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                sPoolWorkQueue, sThreadFactory);
        threadPoolExecutor.allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true);
        THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR = threadPoolExecutor;
    }

参考：

https://blog.csdn.net/iispring/article/details/50670388
https://blog.csdn.net/singwhatiwanna/article/details/17596225