论文写作技巧

#Scientific Writing

#sense of style

n is hard to learn than v

• avoid n by adj&v (technical is okey)
• avoid n at first time

##avoid passive(usually)

• many passive sentences leave out characters(by whom?如果执行者不重要的话可以用)
• use simple active sentences instand of passives
• 加上by对main character进行强调

##summary so far

• use simple,frequent words where you can

• the presertation of the next word was triggered by participant’s spacebar press

participants pressed the spacebar to present the next word

• in many studies,syntactic processing is assumed to take place prior to semantic processing

many studies assume syntactic processing occurs before semantic processing

• perticipants were instructed not to use counting during the experiment

##writting clear sentences

• so put the main character early in the sentence
• make thme a separate sentence
• sentences are easier to read
• keep the main character and the action together
  • becase of … some studie have been criticised
  • some study have been criticised becase of … (better)
• [becase of…] better at end
• move and/or shorten introductory phrases
  ##the problem of long sentences
• sometimes,it can be easy to understand
• split into short sentence
  • given the substantial evidence from a series of studies that working memory affects sentence comprehension,we anticipated that people with lower workingmemory would show longer reading times

  we expected that people with lower WM also response slower since many studies shows WM affects sentence comprehension

• 尽量不要出现过长的句子，逗号/主语变换的情况下可以拆分成独立的句子
• 长句可以用 parallel structure（主动句和被动句不要出现在同一长句里）
• 长句之间也可以用 parallel structure

  particularly,the probe associate with subordinate meaning and sometimes with dominant meaning
  ##other things to watch out for

• be careful when you use words such as only and not
• can often make meaning clear by putting the only next to the phrase that it applies to

##sentences with not

• avoid negative altogether

  not present–missing
  not prepared–prepared

##ambiguous which and this

• sentences can also be ambiguous when they use which,this and these
  • 经常分不清which、that 指代的是哪个名词
  • avoid this problem by repeating the key word in a new sentence
• "This"refers to which part of sentence?
  • 在句中加一个代词明确句子意图

  the responses told us how to make cake,this method is interesting

###practice:Which and this
##compare things

• more X than Y 比 more X 的表述更好

right emphasising

• 用最高级

• 用副词 critically…

• 不要同时用明确意图和模糊意图的词，会显得’cautiously confident’

  bad:
  the result clearly show that readers may have difficulties with ambiguous sentences

  good:
  the result show that readers have difficulties with ambiguous sentences

##emphasis using word order:

• readers expect to find new or important imformation at the end of a sentence
• so to emphasise something ,put it at the end of the sentence(rather than at the beginning)把重要内容放在句末强调

  during early childhood,children do not show an in-group preference

• it is adj that +…

##practice:Only
only the experimental group tookpart in the implicit word learning training

the experimental group took part in only the implicit word learning training

##practice:Not
All participants had not taken part in previous expriments

none of the participants take part in …
some of the participants had not taken …
##parcitice:use there/it and what
bilinguals rarely use the inappropriate language
there is evidence that bilinguals rarely use the inappropriate language
what is striking is that …

it is surprising that …
what is remarkable is that …

##pracitice: not only… but also

##how not to write

##writing good paragraphs

• topic + point by point
• a summary at end
• besides—>in addition/additionally

connecting paraphs

• 段落之间的连接词

  • 信息的递进（支持段的首句用连词 moreover之类，别用besides）

  • 信息的对比（in contrast）

  • 另启话题(we now turn to )

  • 别让读者自己猜测逻辑关系

  • before writing , outline the bully points
    #what shoud an introduction contain?

• a discussion of the importance of the research question

#writing opening paragraph

• a brief,non-technical beginning that describes the big picture
• give an idea of the research and its value
  ##common error
• going straight into too much detail
• help them to see the big picture
• catch reader’s interest

• uncontroversial opening statement should not be too “empty”
• try to give a specific example