低代码设计器的自由布局拖动的实现原理

前言

大家好,我们在这篇文章中来分享一下自由布局拖动的实现原理,实现一个设计器组件自由拖动的最简demo。

如何使元素支持拖动

实现组件的自由拖动的核心就是 html5 中新添加的全局属性 draggable 属性,该属性规定了元素是否可进行拖动。属性值如下所示:

  • true:规定元素的可拖动的
  • false:规定元素不可拖动
  • auto:使用浏览器的默认行为

当我们在元素元素标签中添加 draggable 属性时,该元素就可以进行拖动操作了。

<div draggable > 可拖动的元素 </div>
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拖动事件

事件分类

元素可以进行拖动了,我们就可以通过元素的拖动事件进行拖动开始-结束的一些逻辑控制了,拖动事件主要分为两个类别,一类是拖动元素可以触发的:

  • dragstart:鼠标点中元素并且开始移动时触发
  • drag:拖拽过程中持续触发
  • dragend:拖拽结束松开鼠标时触发

另一类是,是当拖拽元素到某个目标元素时,目标元素会触发的:

  • dragenter:拖拽元素到目标上时触发
  • dragover:拖动元素在目标元素中,持续触发
  • dragleave:离开目标元素时触发
  • drop:拖放元素到了目标元素中松开鼠标时触发

拖动放置行为

在拖动事件中,我们会获取到拖动的事件对象 (e),在拖动对象中我们能获取到一个重要的属性 dataTransfer ,我们可以通过 dataTransferdropEffect 属性控制被拖动的元素的放置行为,其值的说明如下所示。

  • none:不能把元素拖放至此
  • move:移动到目标
  • copy:复制到目标
  • link:目标打开拖动元素(拖动元素必须是链接并有URL)

页面设计器的实现

下面我们根据以上的知识点来实现一下页面设计器组件拖动的最简demo。首先我们定义一下组件列表和画布区域

<template>
  <div>
    <!-- 左侧组件列表 -->
    <div class="left">
      <div
        class="left-item"
        v-for="item in list1"
        :key="item.code"
        draggable
      >
        {{ item.name }}
      </div>
    </div>
    <!-- 画布区域 -->
    <div class="targetContent" ref="targetContent">
      <div
        class="item"
        v-for="item in list2"
        :key="item.id"
        :ref="item.id"
        :style="{
          top: `${item.top - 16}px`,
          left: `${item.left - 85}px`,
          'z-index': `${item.zIndex}`
        }"
      >
        <template v-if="item.code === 'MyInput'">
          <a-input></a-input>
        </template>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</template>
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并将组件列表和画布中的页面分别通过list1,和list进行遍历渲染。

<script>
import _ from "lodash";
export default {
  data() {
    return {
      list1: [
        {
          code: "MyInput",
          name: "输入框",
          props: {}
        }
      ],
      list2: [],
    };
  }
}
</script>
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下面我们来分析一下如何实现将组件列表中的组件拖动到画布中,上文中我们讲到,拖动的元素以及目标元素可以设置一系列的事件,那么我们就可以在组件列表渲染时,为每个组件设置一下 dragstart 事件,在该事件中我们需要做如下处理:

  1. 设置拖动元素的放置行为为移动,即move
  2. 组件在目标元素经过时,必须要阻止默认行为,否则不能触发drop
  3. 设置组件离开目标元素时放置行为为不能拖放,即none
  4. 拖动元素在目标元素松手时添加元素到画布,即将组件元数据添加到list2中,元素所对应的元数据记录也了这个组件在画面中的坐标位置。

然后在dragend事件中取听以上动作。

下面我们通过代码的方式来实现以上过程。首先在组件列表进行遍历时,添加组件的dragstartdragend事件。

@dragstart="e => dragstart(e, item)"
@dragend="dragend"
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下面是这两个事件的实现。

dragstart(e, item) {
  this.dragItem = item;
  // 设置元素的放置行为——移动
  this.$refs.targetContent.addEventListener("dragenter", this.dragenter);
  // 在目标元素经过 必须要阻止默认行为 否则不能触发drop
  this.$refs.targetContent.addEventListener("dragover", this.dragover);
  // 离开目标元素时设置元素的放置行为——不能拖放
  this.$refs.targetContent.addEventListener("dragleave", this.dragleave);
  // 拖动元素在目标元素松手时添加元素到画布
  this.$refs.targetContent.addEventListener("drop", this.drop);
},
dragend(e) {
  this.$refs.targetContent.removeEventListener("dragenter", this.dragenter);
  this.$refs.targetContent.removeEventListener("dragover", this.dragover);
  this.$refs.targetContent.removeEventListener("dragleave", this.dragleave);
  this.$refs.targetContent.removeEventListener("drop", this.drop);
},
dragenter(e) {
  e.dataTransfer.dropEffect = "move";
},
dragover(e) {
  e.preventDefault();
},
dragleave(e) {
  e.dataTransfer.dropEffect = "none";
},
drop(e) {
  const { code } = this.dragItem;
  this.list2.push({
    top: e.offsetY,
    left: e.offsetX,
    zIndex: 1,
    code: code,
    id: Date.parse(new Date())
  });
  this.dragItem = null;
}
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这样,我们组件列表中的组件就可以拖动到画布中了

那拖动到画布中的组件又是如何实现通过拖动灵活的移动位置的呢?同样,我们可以将画布中的组件添加mousedown事件,在事件中我们添加mousemove事件的监听,当画布中的组件进行移动时,我们实时的将该被移动元素所对应的元数据坐标进行更新。下面是代码的实现。

mousedown(e, item) {
  this.moveItem = item;
  document.addEventListener("mousemove", this.mousemove);
  document.addEventListener("mouseup", this.mouseup);
},
mousemove(e) {
  const _this = this;
  let { clientX, clientY } = e;
  const moveIdx = _.findIndex(this.list2, function(o) {
    return o.id === _this.moveItem.id;
  });
  let newList2 = _.cloneDeep(this.list2);
  newList2[moveIdx].top = clientY;
  newList2[moveIdx].left = clientX;
  this.list2 = newList2;
},
mouseup(e) {
  document.removeEventListener("mousemove", this.mousemove);
  document.removeEventListener("mouseup", this.mouseup);
}
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这样画布中的组件也就支持移动啦。

后记

这篇文章中我们实现了页面设计器组件自由布局的最简demo,让大家理解自由拖动的实现原理。至于里面还有一些细节的处理,大家可以根据自己的需要自行实现~对该系列文章感兴趣的小伙伴来一波关注吧。我们会持续与大家分享与交流。

最后我们上一下完整demo代码。

<template>
  <div>
    <!-- 左侧组件列表 -->
    <div class="left">
      <div
        class="left-item"
        v-for="item in list1"
        :key="item.code"
        draggable
        @dragstart="e => dragstart(e, item)"
        @dragend="dragend"
      >
        {{ item.name }}
      </div>
    </div>
    <!-- 画布区域 -->
    <div class="targetContent" ref="targetContent">
      <div
        class="item"
        v-for="item in list2"
        :key="item.id"
        :ref="item.id"
        :style="{
          top: `${item.top - 16}px`,
          left: `${item.left - 85}px`,
          'z-index': `${item.zIndex}`
        }"
        @mousedown="e => mousedown(e, item)"
      >
        <template v-if="item.code === 'MyInput'">
          <a-input></a-input>
        </template>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
import _ from “lodash”;
export default {
data() {
return {
list1: [
{
code: “MyInput”,
name: “输入框”,
props: {}
}
],
list2: [],
dragItem: null,
moveItem: null
};
},
methods: {
dragstart(e, item) {
this.dragItem = item;
// 设置元素的放置行为——移动
this. r e f s < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > t a r g e t C o n t e n t < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n f u n c t i o n " > a d d E v e n t L i s t e n e r < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ( < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n s t r i n g " > " d r a g e n t e r " < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > , < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n k e y w o r d " > t h i s < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > d r a g e n t e r < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ) < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n c o m m e n t " > / / 在 目 标 元 素 经 过 必 须 要 阻 止 默 认 行 为 否 则 不 能 触 发 d r o p < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n k e y w o r d " > t h i s < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > refs<span class="token punctuation">.</span>targetContent<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addEventListener</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"dragenter"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>dragenter<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// 在目标元素经过 必须要阻止默认行为 否则不能触发drop</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span> refs<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>targetContent<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span><spanclass="tokenfunction">addEventListener</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">(</span><spanclass="tokenstring">"dragenter"</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">,</span><spanclass="tokenkeyword">this</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>dragenter<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">)</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">;</span><spanclass="tokencomment">//drop</span><spanclass="tokenkeyword">this</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>refs.targetContent.addEventListener(“dragover”, this.dragover);
// 离开目标元素时设置元素的放置行为——不能拖放
this. r e f s < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > t a r g e t C o n t e n t < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n f u n c t i o n " > a d d E v e n t L i s t e n e r < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ( < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n s t r i n g " > " d r a g l e a v e " < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > , < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n k e y w o r d " > t h i s < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > d r a g l e a v e < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ) < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n c o m m e n t " > / / 拖 动 元 素 在 目 标 元 素 松 手 时 添 加 元 素 到 画 布 < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n k e y w o r d " > t h i s < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > refs<span class="token punctuation">.</span>targetContent<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">addEventListener</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"dragleave"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>dragleave<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// 拖动元素在目标元素松手时添加元素到画布</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span> refs<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>targetContent<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span><spanclass="tokenfunction">addEventListener</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">(</span><spanclass="tokenstring">"dragleave"</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">,</span><spanclass="tokenkeyword">this</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>dragleave<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">)</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">;</span><spanclass="tokencomment">//</span><spanclass="tokenkeyword">this</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>refs.targetContent.addEventListener(“drop”, this.drop);
},
dragend(e) {
this. r e f s < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > t a r g e t C o n t e n t < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n f u n c t i o n " > r e m o v e E v e n t L i s t e n e r < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ( < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n s t r i n g " > " d r a g e n t e r " < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > , < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n k e y w o r d " > t h i s < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > d r a g e n t e r < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ) < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n k e y w o r d " > t h i s < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > refs<span class="token punctuation">.</span>targetContent<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">removeEventListener</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"dragenter"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>dragenter<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span> refs<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>targetContent<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span><spanclass="tokenfunction">removeEventListener</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">(</span><spanclass="tokenstring">"dragenter"</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">,</span><spanclass="tokenkeyword">this</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>dragenter<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">)</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">;</span><spanclass="tokenkeyword">this</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>refs.targetContent.removeEventListener(“dragover”, this.dragover);
this. r e f s < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > t a r g e t C o n t e n t < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n f u n c t i o n " > r e m o v e E v e n t L i s t e n e r < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ( < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n s t r i n g " > " d r a g l e a v e " < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > , < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n k e y w o r d " > t h i s < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > d r a g l e a v e < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ) < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > ; < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n k e y w o r d " > t h i s < / s p a n > < s p a n c l a s s = " t o k e n p u n c t u a t i o n " > . < / s p a n > refs<span class="token punctuation">.</span>targetContent<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">removeEventListener</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"dragleave"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>dragleave<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span> refs<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>targetContent<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span><spanclass="tokenfunction">removeEventListener</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">(</span><spanclass="tokenstring">"dragleave"</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">,</span><spanclass="tokenkeyword">this</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>dragleave<spanclass="tokenpunctuation">)</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">;</span><spanclass="tokenkeyword">this</span><spanclass="tokenpunctuation">.</span>refs.targetContent.removeEventListener(“drop”, this.drop);
},
dragenter(e) {
e.dataTransfer.dropEffect = “move”;
},
dragover(e) {
e.preventDefault();
},
dragleave(e) {
e.dataTransfer.dropEffect = “none”;
},
drop(e) {
const { code } = this.dragItem;
this.list2.push({
top: e.offsetY,
left: e.offsetX,
zIndex: 1,
code: code,
id: Date.parse(new Date())
});
this.dragItem = null;
},
mousedown(e, item) {
this.moveItem = item;
document.addEventListener(“mousemove”, this.mousemove);
document.addEventListener(“mouseup”, this.mouseup);
},
mousemove(e) {
const _this = this;
let { clientX, clientY } = e;
const moveIdx = _.findIndex(this.list2, function(o) {
return o.id === _this.moveItem.id;
});
let newList2 = _.cloneDeep(this.list2);
newList2[moveIdx].top = clientY;
newList2[moveIdx].left = clientX;
this.list2 = newList2;
},
mouseup(e) {
document.removeEventListener(“mousemove”, this.mousemove);
document.removeEventListener(“mouseup”, this.mouseup);
}
}
};
</script>
<style lang=“less” scoped>
.left {
padding: 10px;
position: absolute;
width: 270px;
background: rgb(247, 202, 202);
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
}
.left-item {
height: 100px;
line-height: 100px;
background: #fff;
}
.targetContent {
background: rgb(173, 244, 247);
height: 100vh;
padding: 0 270px;
}
.item {
position: absolute;
}
</style>

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