BSS段，数据段，代码段，堆，栈简单介绍

BSS段：BSS段（bss segment）通常是指用来存放程序中未初始化的全局变量的一块内存区域。BSS是英文Block Started by Symbol的简称。BSS段属于静态内存分配。

100  * bss (Block Started by Symbol) - uninitialized data（kernel）
101  * zeroed during startup

数据段：数据段（data segment）通常是指用来存放程序中已初始化的全局变量的一块内存区域。数据段属于静态内存分配。

代码段：代码段（code segment/text segment）通常是指用来存放程序执行代码的一块内存区域。这部分区域的大小在程序运行前就已经确定，并且内存区域通常属于只读, 某些架构也允许代码段为可写，即允许修改程序。在代码段中，也有可能包含一些只读的常数变量，例如字符串常量等。

堆（heap）：堆是用于存放进程运行中被动态分配的内存段，它的大小并不固定，可动态扩张或缩减。当进程调用malloc等函数分配内存时，新分配的内存就被动态添加到堆上（堆被扩张）；当利用free等函数释放内存时，被释放的内存从堆中被剔除（堆被缩减）

栈(stack)：栈又称堆栈， 是用户存放程序临时创建的局部变量，也就是说我们函数括弧“{}”中定义的变量（但不包括static声明的变量，static意味着在数据段中存放变量）。除此以外，在函数被调用时，其参数也会被压入发起调用的进程栈中，并且待到调用结束后，函数的返回值也会被存放回栈中。由于栈的先进先出特点，所以栈特别方便用来保存/恢复调用现场。从这个意义上讲，我们可以把堆栈看成一个寄存、交换临时数据的内存区。

14  * A minimal linker scripts has following content:

 15  * [This is a sample, architectures may have special requiriements]
 16  *
 17  * OUTPUT_FORMAT(...)
 18  * OUTPUT_ARCH(...)
 19  * ENTRY(...)
 20  * SECTIONS
 21  * {
 22  *      . = START;
 23  *      __init_begin = .;
 24  *      HEAD_TEXT_SECTION
 25  *      INIT_TEXT_SECTION(PAGE_SIZE)
 26  *      INIT_DATA_SECTION(...)
 27  *      PERCPU(PAGE_SIZE)
 28  *      __init_end = .;
 29  *
 30  *      _stext = .;
 31  *      TEXT_SECTION = 0
 32  *      _etext = .;
 33  *
 34  *      _sdata = .;
 35  *      RO_DATA_SECTION(PAGE_SIZE)
 36  *      RW_DATA_SECTION(...)
 37  *      _edata = .;
 38  *
 39  *      EXCEPTION_TABLE(...)
 40  *      NOTES
 41  *
 42  *      BSS_SECTION(0, 0, 0)
 43  *      _end = .;
 44  *
 45  *      STABS_DEBUG
 46  *      DWARF_DEBUG
 47  *
 48  *      DISCARDS                // must be the last
 49  * }
 50  *
 51  * [__init_begin, __init_end] is the init section that may be freed after init
 52  * [_stext, _etext] is the text section
 53  * [_sdata, _edata] is the data section
 54  *
 55  * Some of the included output section have their own set of constants.
 56  * Examples are: [__initramfs_start, __initramfs_end] for initramfs and
 57  *                [__nosave_begin, __nosave_end] for the nosave data
 58  */
 59
 60
 61
 62
 63 /* Align . to a 8 byte boundary equals to maximum function alignment. */
 64
 65
 66 /*
 67  * Align to a 32 byte boundary equal to the
 68  * alignment gcc 4.5 uses for a struct
 69  */
 70
 71
 72 /* The actual configuration determine if the init/exit sections
 73  * are handled as text/data or they can be discarded (which
 74  * often happens at runtime)
 75  */
 76 /* .data section */
 77 /*
 78  * Data section helpers
 79  */
 80 /*
 81  * Read only Data
 82  */
 83 /* RODATA & RO_DATA provided for backward compatibility.
 84  * All archs are supposed to use RO_DATA() */
 85 /* .text section. Map to function alignment to avoid address changes
 86  * during second ld run in second ld pass when generating System.map */
 87 /* sched.text is aling to function alignment to secure we have same
 88  * address even at second ld pass when generating System.map */
 89 /* spinlock.text is aling to function alignment to secure we have same
 90  * address even at second ld pass when generating System.map */
 91 /* Section used for early init (in .S files) */
 92 /*
 93  * Exception table
 94  */
 95 /*
 96  * Init task

 97  */

98 /* init and exit section handling */
 99 /*
100  * bss (Block Started by Symbol) - uninitialized data
101  * zeroed during startup
102  */
103 /*
104  * DWARF debug sections.
105  * Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to
106  * the beginning of the section so we begin them at 0.
107  */
108   /* Stabs debugging sections.  */
109 /*
110  * Default discarded sections.
111  *
112  * Some archs want to discard exit text/data at runtime rather than
113  * link time due to cross-section references such as alt instructions,
114  * bug table, eh_frame, etc.  DISCARDS must be the last of output
115  * section definitions so that such archs put those in earlier section
116  * definitions.
117  */

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