策略模式在JDK中的应用:
在多线程编程中,我们经常使用线程池来管理线程,以减缓线程频繁的创建和销毁带来的资源的浪费,在创建线程池的时候,经常使用一个工厂类来创建线程池Executors,实际上Executors的内部使用的是类ThreadPoolExecutor.它有一个最终的构造函数如下:
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
}
corePoolSize:线程池中的核心线程数量,即使这些线程没有任务干,也不会将其销毁。
maximumPoolSize:线程池中的最多能够创建的线程数量。
keepAliveTime:当线程池中的线程数量大于corePoolSize时,多余的线程等待新任务的最长时间。
unit:keepAliveTime的时间单位。
workQueue:在线程池中的线程还没有还得及执行任务之前,保存任务的队列(当线程池中的线程都有任务在执行的时候,仍然有任务不断的提交过来,这些任务保存在workQueue队列中)。
threadFactory:创建线程池中线程的工厂。
handler:当线程池中没有多余的线程来执行任务,并且保存任务的多列也满了(指的是有界队列),对仍在提交给线程池的任务的处理策略。
RejectedExecutionHandler 是一个策略接口,用在当线程池中没有多余的线程来执行任务,并且保存任务的多列也满了(指的是有界队列),对仍在提交给线程池的任务的处理策略。
public interface RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
*当ThreadPoolExecutor的execut方法调用时,并且ThreadPoolExecutor不能接受一个任务Task时,该方法就有可能被调用。
* 不能接受一个任务Task的原因:有可能是没有多余的线程来处理,有可能是workqueue队列中没有多余的位置来存放该任务,该方法有可能抛出一个未受检的异常RejectedExecutionException
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param executor the executor attempting to execute this task
* @throws RejectedExecutionException if there is no remedy
*/
void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor);
}
该策略接口有四个实现类:
AbortPolicy:该策略是直接将提交的任务抛弃掉,并抛出RejectedExecutionException异常。
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that throws a
* <tt>RejectedExecutionException</tt>.
*/
public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates an <tt>AbortPolicy</tt>.
*/
public AbortPolicy() { }
/**
* Always throws RejectedExecutionException.
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
* @throws RejectedExecutionException always.
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
throw new RejectedExecutionException();
}
}
DiscardPolicy:该策略也是将任务抛弃掉(对于提交的任务不管不问,什么也不做),不过并不抛出异常。
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that silently discards the
* rejected task.
*/
public static class DiscardPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a <tt>DiscardPolicy</tt>.
*/
public DiscardPolicy() { }
/**
* Does nothing, which has the effect of discarding task r.
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
}
}
DiscardOldestPolicy:该策略是当执行器未关闭时,从任务队列workQueue中取出第一个任务,并抛弃这第一个任务,进而有空间存储刚刚提交的任务。使用该策略要特别小心,因为它会直接抛弃之前的任务。
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that discards the oldest unhandled
* request and then retries <tt>execute</tt>, unless the executor
* is shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
*/
public static class DiscardOldestPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a <tt>DiscardOldestPolicy</tt> for the given executor.
*/
public DiscardOldestPolicy() { }
/**
* Obtains and ignores the next task that the executor
* would otherwise execute, if one is immediately available,
* and then retries execution of task r, unless the executor
* is shut down, in which case task r is instead discarded.
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
if (!e.isShutdown()) {
e.getQueue().poll();
e.execute(r);
}
}
}
CallerRunsPolicy:该策略并没有抛弃任何的任务,由于线程池中已经没有了多余的线程来分配该任务,该策略是在当前线程(调用者线程)中直接执行该任务。
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that runs the rejected task
* directly in the calling thread of the {@code execute} method,
* unless the executor has been shut down, in which case the task
* is discarded.
*/
public static class CallerRunsPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a {@code CallerRunsPolicy}.
*/
public CallerRunsPolicy() { }
/**
* Executes task r in the caller's thread, unless the executor
* has been shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
if (!e.isShutdown()) {
r.run();
}
}
}
类ThreadPoolExecutor中持有一个RejectedExecutionHandler接口的引用,以便在构造函数中可以由外部客户端自己制定具体的策略并注入。下面看一下其类图: