package java.util.concurrent;
import java.io.ObjectStreamField;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.AbstractMap;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Spliterator;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.BinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.DoubleBinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.IntBinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.LongBinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.ToDoubleBiFunction;
import java.util.function.ToDoubleFunction;
import java.util.function.ToIntBiFunction;
import java.util.function.ToIntFunction;
import java.util.function.ToLongBiFunction;
import java.util.function.ToLongFunction;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
/**
* A hash table supporting full concurrency of retrievals and
* high expected concurrency for updates. This class obeys the
* same functional specification as {@link java.util.Hashtable}, and
* includes versions of methods corresponding to each method of
* {@code Hashtable}. However, even though all operations are
* thread-safe, retrieval operations do <em>not</em> entail locking,
* and there is <em>not</em> any support for locking the entire table
* in a way that prevents all access. This class is fully
* interoperable with {@code Hashtable} in programs that rely on its
* thread safety but not on its synchronization details.
*
* <p>Retrieval operations (including {@code get}) generally do not
* block, so may overlap with update operations (including {@code put}
* and {@code remove}). Retrievals reflect the results of the most
* recently <em>completed</em> update operations holding upon their
* onset. (More formally, an update operation for a given key bears a
* <em>happens-before</em> relation with any (non-null) retrieval for
* that key reporting the updated value.) For aggregate operations
* such as {@code putAll} and {@code clear}, concurrent retrievals may
* reflect insertion or removal of only some entries. Similarly,
* Iterators, Spliterators and Enumerations return elements reflecting the
* state of the hash table at some point at or since the creation of the
* iterator/enumeration. They do <em>not</em> throw {@link
* java.util.ConcurrentModificationException ConcurrentModificationException}.
* However, iterators are designed to be used by only one thread at a time.
* Bear in mind that the results of aggregate status methods including
* {@code size}, {@code isEmpty}, and {@code containsValue} are typically
* useful only when a map is not undergoing concurrent updates in other threads.
* Otherwise the results of these methods reflect transient states
* that may be adequate for monitoring or estimation purposes, but not
* for program control.
*
* <p>The table is dynamically expanded when there are too many
* collisions (i.e., keys that have distinct hash codes but fall into
* the same slot modulo the table size), with the expected average
* effect of maintaining roughly two bins per mapping (corresponding
* to a 0.75 load factor threshold for resizing). There may be much
* variance around this average as mappings are added and removed, but
* overall, this maintains a commonly accepted time/space tradeoff for
* hash tables. However, resizing this or any other kind of hash
* table may be a relatively slow operation. When possible, it is a
* good idea to provide a size estimate as an optional {@code
* initialCapacity} constructor argument. An additional optional
* {@code loadFactor} constructor argument provides a further means of
* customizing initial table capacity by specifying the table density
* to be used in calculating the amount of space to allocate for the
* given number of elements. Also, for compatibility with previous
* versions of this class, constructors may optionally specify an
* expected {@code concurrencyLevel} as an additional hint for
* internal sizing. Note that using many keys with exactly the same
* {@code hashCode()} is a sure way to slow down performance of any
* hash table. To ameliorate impact, when keys are {@link Comparable},
* this class may use comparison order among keys to help break ties.
*
* <p>A {@link Set} projection of a ConcurrentHashMap may be created
* (using {@link #newKeySet()} or {@link #newKeySet(int)}), or viewed
* (using {@link #keySet(Object)} when only keys are of interest, and the
* mapped values are (perhaps transiently) not used or all take the
* same mapping value.
*
* <p>A ConcurrentHashMap can be used as scalable frequency map (a
* form of histogram or multiset) by using {@link
* java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder} values and initializing via
* {@link #computeIfAbsent computeIfAbsent}. For example, to add a count
* to a {@code ConcurrentHashMap<String,LongAdder> freqs}, you can use
* {@code freqs.computeIfAbsent(k -> new LongAdder()).increment();}
*
* <p>This class and its views and iterators implement all of the
* <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Map} and {@link Iterator}
* interfaces.
*
* <p>Like {@link Hashtable} but unlike {@link HashMap}, this class
* does <em>not</em> allow {@code null} to be used as a key or value.
*
* <p>ConcurrentHashMaps support a set of sequential and parallel bulk
* operations that, unlike most {@link Stream} methods, are designed
* to be safely, and often sensibly, applied even with maps that are
* being concurrently updated by other threads; for example, when
* computing a snapshot summary of the values in a shared registry.
* There are three kinds of operation, each with four forms, accepting
* functions with Keys, Values, Entries, and (Key, Value) arguments
* and/or return values. Because the elements of a ConcurrentHashMap
* are not ordered in any particular way, and may be processed in
* different orders in different parallel executions, the correctness
* of supplied functions should not depend on any ordering, or on any
* other objects or values that may transiently change while
* computation is in progress; and except for forEach actions, should
* ideally be side-effect-free. Bulk operations on {@link java.util.Map.Entry}
* objects do not support method {@code setValue}.
*
* <ul>
* <li> forEach: Perform a given action on each element.
* A variant form applies a given transformation on each element
* before performing the action.</li>
*
* <li> search: Return the first available non-null result of
* applying a given function on each element; skipping further
* search when a result is found.</li>
*
* <li> reduce: Accumulate each element. The supplied reduction
* function cannot rely on ordering (more formally, it should be
* both associative and commutative). There are five variants:
*
* <ul>
*
* <li> Plain reductions. (There is not a form of this method for
* (key, value) function arguments since there is no corresponding
* return type.)</li>
*
* <li> Mapped reductions that accumulate the results of a given
* function applied to each element.</li>
*
* <li> Reductions to scalar doubles, longs, and ints, using a
* given basis value.</li>
*
* </ul>
* </li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>These bulk operations accept a {@code parallelismThreshold}
* argument. Methods proceed sequentially if the current map size is
* estimated to be less than the given threshold. Using a value of
* {@code Long.MAX_VALUE} suppresses all parallelism. Using a value
* of {@code 1} results in maximal parallelism by partitioning into
* enough subtasks to fully utilize the {@link
* ForkJoinPool#commonPool()} that is used for all parallel
* computations. Normally, you would initially choose one of these
* extreme values, and then measure performance of using in-between
* values that trade off overhead versus throughput.
*
* <p>The concurrency properties of bulk operations follow
* from those of ConcurrentHashMap: Any non-null result returned
* from {@code get(key)} and related access methods bears a
* happens-before relation with the associated insertion or
* update. The result of any bulk operation reflects the
* composition of these per-element relations (but is not
* necessarily atomic with respect to the map as a whole unless it
* is somehow known to be quiescent). Conversely, because keys
* and values in the map are never null, null serves as a reliable
* atomic indicator of the current lack of any result. To
* maintain this property, null serves as an implicit basis for
* all non-scalar reduction operations. For the double, long, and
* int versions, the basis should be one that, when combined with
* any other value, returns that other value (more formally, it
* should be the identity element for the reduction). Most common
* reductions have these properties; for example, computing a sum
* with basis 0 or a minimum with basis MAX_VALUE.
*
* <p>Search and transformation functions provided as arguments
* should similarly return null to indicate the lack of any result
* (in which case it is not used). In the case of mapped
* reductions, this also enables transformations to serve as
* filters, returning null (or, in the case of primitive
* specializations, the identity basis) if the element should not
* be combined. You can create compound transformations and
* filterings by composing them yourself under this "null means
* there is nothing there now" rule before using them in search or
* reduce operations.
*
* <p>Methods accepting and/or returning Entry arguments maintain
* key-value associations. They may be useful for example when
* finding the key for the greatest value. Note that "plain" Entry
* arguments can be supplied using {@code new
* AbstractMap.SimpleEntry(k,v)}.
*
* <p>Bulk operations may complete abruptly, throwing an
* exception encountered in the application of a supplied
* function. Bear in mind when handling such exceptions that other
* concurrently executing functions could also have thrown
* exceptions, or would have done so if the first exception had
* not occurred.
*
* <p>Speedups for parallel compared to sequential forms are common
* but not guaranteed. Parallel operations involving brief functions
* on small maps may execute more slowly than sequential forms if the
* underlying work to parallelize the computation is more expensive
* than the computation itself. Similarly, parallelization may not
* lead to much actual parallelism if all processors are busy
* performing unrelated tasks.
*
* <p>All arguments to all task methods must be non-null.
*
* <p>This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @since 1.5
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
* @param <V> the type of mapped values
*/
public class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements ConcurrentMap<K,V>, Serializable {
}
java的ConcurrentHashMap类
最新推荐文章于 2024-04-21 10:53:04 发布