一、servlet的生命周期
在《JSP学习 —— 开篇：JSP，servlet容器，Tomcat，servlet容器之间的关系》一文中，我已经对servlet的生命周期进行了简单阐述，现在，就来进行详细阐述：servlet其实就是一个Java类，它负责响应和处理页面消息。它的实例化方式有两种：一种是当web应用启动一开始，tomcat就对servlet进行初始化；另一种是当客户端请求一个servlet时，对应的servlet进行创建；创建时调用HttpServlet的Init（或用户自己重写的Init）函数进行初始化，之后调用service函数进行消息响应，最后调用destory方法进行收尾处理。对于其何时创建，如何创建，都不是由我们来控制的，而是由容器根据配置文件自己进行创建。
事实上，在标准MVC结构中，servlet只充当Control部分，它从来不对页面进行输出处理，也不进行业务逻辑处理，只是将页面消息进行对应的后台处理后（期间会和Model打交道），进行简单的页面跳转。
对于servlet类的配置，其实只要注意两点就足够了：一是指定servlet类名，二是指定该类要处理的动作。
对于sevlet的名字，暂时我们可以随意指定，对于只有一个servlet类的Web应用而言，是没必要注意的。<servlet> <servlet-name>myServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.cancique.dao.LoginServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>myServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/login</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>要注意而且需要特别注意的时servlet-class和url-pattern，servlet-class指定servlet的类名，类名必须包含完整的包前缀，而url指定要处理的动作名，如：我在这里打算处理一个表单请求的action，
要处理的action必须和url-pattern相同，否则servlet不能处理我们提交的请求，运行时会出错。<form action = "login" id = "login" method = "post">
二、load-on-startup Servlet
一般来说，容器会将绝大多数servlet类的初始化都将在页面进行请求之后，然后根据请求找到对应的servlet再初始化，那么如果我们想将一个servlet类在WEB应用启动后尽早的执行初始化，那么只有靠load-on-startup配置参数了。这个配置参数同servlet的配置参数一起配置，它的参数值是个整型值，赋给它的值越小，它就越先初始化。
<servlet> <servlet-name>myServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.cancique.dao.LoginServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>myServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/login</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>三、访问servlet的配置参数
我们在配置servlet时，还可以配置一些运行时用到的参数，这种参数可以通过ServletConfig类来解析，看起来和我前面讲到的《JSP学习——JSP基础知识（二）
》里面提到的application对象解析配置文件中数据库连接信息的参数很类似，不同的是application可以在任何地方进行解析，而ServletConfig对象只能在servlet中进行解析。比如：如果我们在servlet中需要得到数据库的连接信息以初始化DAO对象，那么可以在web.xml的servlet配置信息中增加一些配置参数：<servlet> <servlet-name>myServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.cancique.dao.LoginServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>driver</param-name> <param-value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>url</param-name> <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test_db</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>user</param-name> <param-value>root</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>pass</param-name> <param-value>900622</param-value> </init-param> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>myServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/login</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>在需要用到这些参数的servlet类中，我们可以通过ServletConfig对象来解析：
ServletConfig config = getServletConfig(); String driver = config.getInitParameter("driver"); String url = config.getInitParameter("url"); String user = config.getInitParameter("user"); String pass = config.getInitParameter("pass"); DbDao dao = DbDao.instance(driver,url,user,pass);四、综合应用：servlet作为MVC架构中Control层的实例——一个简单的登录验证
index.jsp页面代码如下：
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" errorPage="error.jsp"%> <%@ page pageEncoding="gb2312"%> <%@page import="java.sql.SQLException"%> <%@page import="java.net.ConnectException"%> <%@page import="java.sql.DriverManager"%> <%@page import="java.sql.*" %> <html> <body> <form action = "login" id = "login" method = "post"> user name:<input type = "text" name = "username"><hr> user password:<input type = "text" name = "userpassword"><hr> <input type = "submit" value = "submit"><br> </form> </body> </html>
error.jsp页面代码如下：success.jsp页面代码如下：login failed!LoginServlet类代码如下：login successful!DbDao类代码如下（使用Singleton设计模式）：package com.cancique.dao; import java.io.IOException; import java.sql.*; import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher; import javax.servlet.ServletConfig; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession; public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet{ public void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { RequestDispatcher rd; //请求转发 String username = request.getParameter("username"); String userpassword = request.getParameter("userpassword"); String errMsg = null; try { ServletConfig config = getServletConfig(); String driver = config.getInitParameter("driver"); String url = config.getInitParameter("url"); String user = config.getInitParameter("user"); String pass = config.getInitParameter("pass"); DbDao dao = DbDao.instance(driver,url,user,pass); String sql = "select userpassword from user_information where username = '" + username + "'"; ResultSet resultSet = dao.query(sql); if(resultSet.next()) { if(resultSet.getString("userpassword").equals(userpassword)) { HttpSession session = request.getSession(true); session.setAttribute("username", username); rd = request.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp"); rd.forward(request, response); } else { errMsg +="密码错误！"; } } else { errMsg += "用户名错误！"; } }catch(Exception e) { rd = request.getRequestDispatcher("/error.jsp"); request.setAttribute("exception", "业务异常"); try { rd.forward(request, response); } catch (ServletException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } } } }web.xml配置文件信息如下：package com.cancique.dao; import java.sql.*; public class DbDao { private static DbDao dao; private Connection conn; private String driver; private String url; private String username; private String pass; private DbDao() {} private DbDao(String driver,String url, String username,String pass) { this.driver = driver; this.url = url; this.username = username; this.pass = pass; } public static DbDao getDao() { return dao; } public static void setDao(DbDao dao) { DbDao.dao = dao; } public String getDriver() { return driver; } public void setDriver(String driver) { this.driver = driver; } public String getUrl() { return url; } public void setUrl(String url) { this.url = url; } public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } public String getPass() { return pass; } public void setPass(String pass) { this.pass = pass; } public void getConnection() throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException { if(conn == null) { Class.forName(this.driver); conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, pass); } } public static DbDao instance(String driver,String url, String username,String pass) { if(dao == null) { dao = new DbDao(driver,url,username,pass); } return dao; } public boolean insert(String sql) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException { getConnection(); Statement statement = conn.createStatement(); if(statement.executeUpdate(sql) != -1) { return false; } return true; } public ResultSet query(String sql) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException { getConnection(); Statement statement = conn.createStatement(); return statement.executeQuery(sql); } public void delete(String sql) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException { getConnection(); Statement statement = conn.createStatement(); statement.executeUpdate(sql); } public void update(String sql) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException { getConnection(); Statement statement = conn.createStatement(); statement.executeUpdate(sql); } }<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app version="2.5" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd"> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> <servlet> <servlet-name>myServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.cancique.dao.LoginServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>driver</param-name> <param-value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>url</param-name> <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test_db</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>user</param-name> <param-value>root</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>pass</param-name> <param-value>900622</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>myServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/login</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>
138
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
