String to Integer (atoi)

问题描述：String to Integer (atoi)

Implement atoi to convert a string to an integer.

Hint: Carefully consider all possible input cases. If you want a
challenge, please do not see below and ask yourself what are the
possible input cases.

Notes: It is intended for this problem to be specified vaguely (ie, no
given input specs). You are responsible to gather all the input
requirements up front.

Update (2015-02-10): The signature of the C++ function had been
updated. If you still see your function signature accepts a const char
* argument, please click the reload button to reset your code definition.

思路：

主要有以下几个方面需要考虑：

1. 空格，开头的空格需要去掉;
2. 需要考虑正负号的问题;
3. 处理溢出问题，对最大数返回INT_MAX，最小数返回INT_MIN;
4. 无效输入问题

基本思路就是循环遍历字符串，然后乘以10累加。

代码：

class Solution {
public:
    int myAtoi(string str) {
        int sign = 1; 
        int base = 0; 
        int i = 0;
        while (str[i] == ' ') 
        { 
            i++; 
        }
        if (str[i] == '-' || str[i] == '+') {
            sign = 1 - 2 * (str[i++] == '-'); 
        }
        while (str[i] >= '0' && str[i] <= '9') {
            if (base >  INT_MAX / 10 || (base == INT_MAX / 10 && str[i] - '0' > 7)) {
                if (sign == 1) return INT_MAX;
                else return INT_MIN;
            }
            base  = 10 * base + (str[i++] - '0');
        }
        return base * sign;    
    }
};

复杂度：只遍历了一次，所以时间复杂度是$O(n)$，空间复杂度是$O(1)$