Class.forName和ClassLoader

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Java类加载过程

 

装载:通过类的全限定名获取二进制字节流,将二进制字节流转换成方法区中的运行时数据结构,在内存中生成Java.lang.class对象 

链接:执行下面的验证、准备和解析步骤,其中解析步骤是可以选择的;

           验证:检查导入类或接口的二进制数据的正确性;(文件格式验证,元数据验证,字节码验证,符号引用验证)            

           准备:给类的静态变量分配并初始化存储空间(此时初始化的是类型的初始值,还没有到代码中设定的初值)

           解析:将常量池中的符号引用转成直接引用;
初始化:激活类的静态变量的初始化Java代码和静态Java代码块,并初始化程序员设置的变量值。

在java中Class.forName()和ClassLoader都可以对类进行加载。ClassLoader就是遵循双亲委派模型最终调用启动类加载器的类加载器,实现的功能是“通过一个类的全限定名来获取描述此类的二进制字节流”,获取到二进制流后放到JVM中。Class.forName()方法实际上也是调用的CLassLoader来实现的。

Class.forName()的源码如下:

/**
     * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
     * interface with the given string name.  Invoking this method is
     * equivalent to:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *  {@code Class.forName(className, true, currentLoader)}
     * </blockquote>
***省略部分注释
**/
@CallerSensitive
    public static Class<?> forName(String className)
                throws ClassNotFoundException {
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        return forName0(className, true, ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller), caller);
    }

最后调用的方法是forName0这个方法,在这个forName0方法中的第二个参数被默认设置为了true,这个参数代表是否对加载的类进行初始化,设置为true时会类进行初始化,代表会执行类中的静态代码块,以及对静态变量的赋值等操作。从注释中可知等价于Class.forName(className, true, currentLoader)

/**
     * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
     * interface with the given string name, using the given class loader.
     * Given the fully qualified name for a class or interface (in the same
     * format returned by {@code getName}) this method attempts to
     * locate, load, and link the class or interface.  The specified class
     * loader is used to load the class or interface.  If the parameter
     * {@code loader} is null, the class is loaded through the bootstrap
     * class loader.  The class is initialized only if the
     * {@code initialize} parameter is {@code true} and if it has
     * not been initialized earlier.
     *
     * <p> If {@code name} denotes a primitive type or void, an attempt
     * will be made to locate a user-defined class in the unnamed package whose
     * name is {@code name}. Therefore, this method cannot be used to
     * obtain any of the {@code Class} objects representing primitive
     * types or void.
     *
     * <p> If {@code name} denotes an array class, the component type of
     * the array class is loaded but not initialized.
     *
     * <p> For example, in an instance method the expression:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *  {@code Class.forName("Foo")}
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * is equivalent to:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *  {@code Class.forName("Foo", true, this.getClass().getClassLoader())}
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * Note that this method throws errors related to loading, linking or
     * initializing as specified in Sections 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 of <em>The
     * Java Language Specification</em>.
     * Note that this method does not check whether the requested class
     * is accessible to its caller.
     *
     * <p> If the {@code loader} is {@code null}, and a security
     * manager is present, and the caller's class loader is not null, then this
     * method calls the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
     * with a {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")} permission to
     * ensure it's ok to access the bootstrap class loader.
     *
     * @param name       fully qualified name of the desired class
     * @param initialize if {@code true} the class will be initialized.
     *                   See Section 12.4 of <em>The Java Language Specification</em>.
     * @param loader     class loader from which the class must be loaded
     * @return           class object representing the desired class
     *
     * @exception LinkageError if the linkage fails
     * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked
     *            by this method fails
     * @exception ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located by
     *            the specified class loader
     *
     * @see       java.lang.Class#forName(String)
     * @see       java.lang.ClassLoader
     * @since     1.2
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static Class<?> forName(String name, boolean initialize,
                                   ClassLoader loader)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        Class<?> caller = null;
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) {
            // Reflective call to get caller class is only needed if a security manager
            // is present.  Avoid the overhead of making this call otherwise.
            caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
            if (sun.misc.VM.isSystemDomainLoader(loader)) {
                ClassLoader ccl = ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller);
                if (!sun.misc.VM.isSystemDomainLoader(ccl)) {
                    sm.checkPermission(
                        SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
                }
            }
        }
        return forName0(name, initialize, loader, caller);
    }

解释:

(1)尝试定位、加载 和链接

(2)如果给定的loader为null,会使用 bootstrap class loader加载类

(3)只有参数 initialize 为 true 并且这个类之前没有被初始化才会进行类的初始化

(4)如果name代表原始类型或void,将尝试在未命名包中查找名为{@code name}的用户定义类。因此,此方法不能用于获取任何表示原始类型或者void的class对象

(5)如果name代表数组类型,数组的组件类型会被加载,但是不会被初始化。(这一点?)

下面举例说明:

首先定义一个User类,代码如下

package com.Ycb.classloader;

public class User {
    static {
        System.out.println("执行了User的static代码块!");
    }
}

示列一、调用Class.forName(String name)方法

package com.Ycb.classloader;

public class ClassLoaderTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            Class<User> clazz = (Class<User>) Class.forName("com.Ycb.classloader.User");
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

运行结果:

执行了User的static代码块!

实例二:调用 forName(String name, boolean initialize, ClassLoader loader)

package com.Ycb.classloader;

public class ClassLoaderTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            Class<User> clazz = (Class<User>) Class.forName("com.Ycb.classloader.User", false, ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

运行结果:如果initialize为false,静态代码块就不会执行,不会输出User中的静态代码块的内容

 

实例三:使用ClassLoader的测试方法:

首先介绍下ClassLoader.loadClass的源码

public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return loadClass(name, false);
    }

内部默认调用    Class<?> loadClass(String name, false);

第2个 boolean参数,表示目标对象是否进行链接,false表示不进行链接,由上面介绍可以,不进行链接意味着不进行包括初始化等一些列步骤,那么静态块和静态对象就不会得到执行

下面演示例子:

package com.Ycb.classloader;

public class ClassLoaderTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass("com.Ycb.classloader.User");
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

不会输出User中的static代码块,根据运行结果得出Class.forName加载类时将类进了初始化,而ClassLoader的loadClass并没有对类进行初始化,只是把类加载到了虚拟机中。

应用场景

在我们熟悉的Spring框架中的IOC的实现就是使用的ClassLoader。

而在我们使用JDBC时通常是使用Class.forName()方法来加载数据库连接驱动。这是因为在JDBC规范中明确要求Driver(数据库驱动)类必须向DriverManager注册自己。

以MySQL的驱动为例解释:

public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {  
    //省略部分代码
  
    //  
    // Register ourselves with the DriverManager  
    //  
    static {  
        try {  
            java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());  
        } catch (SQLException E) {  
            throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");  
        }  
    }  
    //省略部分代码
}

个人记录,有误盼指出,感谢!

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