Linux 命令 -- file

file 用于查看文件类型。Linux 系统与 Windows 系统不同，不通过文件名来反映文件类型，因此需要使用 file 命令来确认。

[admin@local ~]$ file exe
exe: Bourne-Again shell script text executable

如上，使用 file 命令查看 exe 文件的类型，显示为可执行的 bash 脚本文件。

常用选项
-i:以 MIME 类型显示文件信息

[admin@local ~]$ file -i exe
exe: text/x-shellscript; charset=us-ascii

-L:显示软链接所对应文件的类型

[admin@local ~]$ file ln
ln: symbolic link to `exe'
[admin@local ~]$ file -L ln
ln: Bourne-Again shell script text executable

-f:依次将文件中每行内容作为参数执行 file 命令

[admin@local ~]$ vi text
dir
exe
ln
pipe
/etc
etc
[admin@local ~]$ file -f text
dir:  directory
exe:  Bourne-Again shell script text executable
ln:   symbolic link to `exe'
pipe: fifo (named pipe)
/etc: directory
etc:  cannot open `etc' (No such file or directory)

如上，将 text 作为 file -f 命令的参数，输出为对其每行内容执行 file 结果。
注：如文件中内容非绝对路径，则在文件所在目录下进行查找

-z:尝试查看压缩文件中内容

[admin@local ~]$ zip text.zip text
  adding: text (deflated 4%)
[admin@local ~]$ file -z text.zip 
text.zip: ASCII text (Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract)

注 1：若压缩文件中有多个文件，则只显示首个文件的信息

[admin@local ~]$ zip cmp.zip exe text
  adding: exe (deflated 29%)
  adding: text (deflated 4%)
[admin@local ~]$ file -z cmp.zip 
cmp.zip: Bourne-Again shell script text executable (Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract)

注 2：此命令无法查看 tar 命令打包压缩的文件中内容

[admin@local ~]$ tar zcf text.tar.gz text
[admin@local ~]$ file -z text.tar.gz 
text.tar.gz: POSIX tar archive (GNU) (gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: Wed Jan 24 15:44:41 2018)

以下为使用 help 选项后的提示信息：

Usage: file [OPTION...] [FILE...]
Determine type of FILEs.

      --help                 display this help and exit
  -v, --version              output version information and exit
  -m, --magic-file LIST      use LIST as a colon-separated list of magic
                               number files
  -z, --uncompress           try to look inside compressed files
  -b, --brief                do not prepend filenames to output lines
  -c, --checking-printout    print the parsed form of the magic file, use in
                               conjunction with -m to debug a new magic file
                               before installing it
  -e, --exclude TEST         exclude TEST from the list of test to be
                               performed for file. Valid tests are:
                               ascii, apptype, compress, elf, soft, tar, tokens, troff
  -f, --files-from FILE      read the filenames to be examined from FILE
  -F, --separator STRING     use string as separator instead of `:'
  -i, --mime                 output MIME type strings (--mime-type and
                               --mime-encoding)
      --apple                output the Apple CREATOR/TYPE
      --mime-type            output the MIME type
      --mime-encoding        output the MIME encoding
  -k, --keep-going           don't stop at the first match
  -L, --dereference          follow symlinks (default)
  -h, --no-dereference       don't follow symlinks
  -n, --no-buffer            do not buffer output
  -N, --no-pad               do not pad output
  -0, --print0               terminate filenames with ASCII NUL
  -p, --preserve-date        preserve access times on files
  -r, --raw                  don't translate unprintable chars to \ooo
  -s, --special-files        treat special (block/char devices) files as
                             ordinary ones
  -C, --compile              compile file specified by -m
  -d, --debug                print debugging messages