新概念英语一 ： 语法整理 unit7 121-144

定语从句
1、定义：在句中充当定语成分，修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的名词或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。
关系副词有：when, where, why 等。
2、关系代词引导的定语从句
★who, whom, that 
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词
Is he the man who wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？ 
He is the man whom I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。
★Whose 
用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换）
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的
书。
★which, that 
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 
你拿的包快散了。
3、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
★when, where, why 
含义相当于"介词+ which"结构
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
★that 代替关系副词
that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和"介词+ 
which"引导的定语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years 
ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
4、只能用 that 引导的定语从句
that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下，只能用 that 来引导：
★先行词是 all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词
时。
Is there anything that you want to buy? 你有什么想要买的吗？
★先行词被 all, few, little, much, every, some, no 等词修饰或被 the only, the very, 
the same, the last 等限定词修饰时。
These are all the pictures that I have seen. 这是我看过的所有图片。
This is the very dictionary that is of great help. 这是一本很有用的字典。
★先行词既指人又指物时。
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and people that they 
could remember. 我爸爸和他的老师谈论了很多他们记得的人和事。
★先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.这是我看过最好的英语电影。
★主句是 who 或 which 引导的特殊问句时。
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree? 站在树下的女孩是谁？
条件状语从句（真实条件句）
引导真实条件状语从句的连词有：if（如果），unless（除非），as long as（只要）。
条件状语从句中，主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”原则（主句将来时，从句现在时）。
例如：If you don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train.如果你不动作快点，我们会赶
不上火车。
Unless it rains, the game will start at 5 o’clock.除非下雨,比赛将五点
开始。
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 
只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。
Must 与 have to 
1、变化形式区别：
变化形式区别 must Have to 
肯定式 Must do… Have/has/had to do 
否定式 Must not do…
Needn’t/don’t have to
Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have 
to do 
疑问式 Must sb. do Do/does/did sb. have to do 
2、意义区别：
★must 表主观的认识，have to 表客观的需要和义务。
I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。
I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi. 我没搭上火车，所以我只得打的。
★must 可表猜测，have to 不表猜测。
 【表现在猜测】Your sister must be a doctor in this hospital. 你姐姐一定是
这家医院的医生。
 【表过去进行猜测】He must be reading newspapers in the reading room now. 
他此刻一定在阅览室读报。
 【表过去猜测】It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 
昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。
情态动词推测句式
1、情态动词表推测的三种句型
★在肯定句中一般用 must (一定)，may（可能），might / could（也许，或许）。 
He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 
他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。 
★否定句中用 can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。 
It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 
这不可能是校长，他去美国了。 
★疑问句中用 can/could (能……?)。 
Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗？ 
注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can
的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。 
2、情态动词表推测的五种时态 
句型时态 肯定推测 否定推测 疑问推测
对现在的推测 must/can/may+be can’t+be can sb. be…? 
对过去的推测
must/can/may/ 
might could+have done 
can’t/couldn’t/may 
not/ 
might not+have done 
can/could sb.+have done?
对将来的推测
must/can/may/could 
might+do 
can’t/may not+do can/may/+do? 
对现在或将来
正发生的推测
must/may/can+be doing 
can’t be doing can sb. be doing? 
对过去正在发
生的推测
must+have been doing can’t+have been 
doing 
can sb. have been doing? 
★对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be” 
He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 
这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。 
★对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。 
It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 
地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。 
★对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 
She must / may / might / could arrive before 5 o’clock. 
5 点前她一定/可能/也许到。 
★对现在或将来正在进行的事推测
He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 
他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
★对过去正在发生的事推测
 They must have been watching football all night yesterday. 
昨天一整夜他们肯定在看足球比赛。
主动语态与被动语态：
1、定义：语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态：主语是动作的执行者（动作是由主语完成的）
被动语态：主语是动作的承受者（动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的）
作用：1、强调动作的接受者 2、不知谁是动作的执行者 3、作客观说明
2、主动变被动的方法： 
（1）主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）谓语动词变为由“be + 过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应变化。
（3）主动语态主语置于介词 by 之后，如无必需，则省略。
（4）不及物动词没有被动语态。
★【一般现在时】do (does) →am / is / are + done 
We keep the piano in the living-room.我们把钢琴摆在客厅。
→The piano is kept in the living-room. 钢琴被我们摆在客厅。
★【一般过去时】did→was / were + done 
 They built the bridge in 1980.他们在 1980 年造好了桥。
→The bridge was built in 1980.桥是在 1980 年造好的。
★【一般将来时】will/shall do → will/shall + be + done 
He will read the book tomorrow.他将在明天读这本书。
→The book will be read tomorrow.这本书将在明天被读。
★【现在完成时】have/has done → have/has + been + done 
We have delivered the newspaper.我们已经寄了报纸。
→The newspapers have been delivered (by us).报纸已经被寄了。
★【过去完成时】had done → had been done 
She had seen the film before she came here.她来这之前看过这电影。
→The film had been seen before she came here. 
★【将来完成时】will/shall have done → will/shall have + been + done 
By the end of this term we shall have finished 80 texts. 
在这学期末我们要完成 80 篇课文。
→By the end of this term 80 texts will have been finished. 
★【现在进行时】am/is/are doing → am/is/are + being + done 
They are drawing the picture.他们在画画。
→The picture is being drawn by them. 
★【过去进行时】was/were doing → was/were + being + done 
He was reviewing their lessons at this moment yesterday.昨天此时他在复习。
→Their lessons were being reviewed at this moment yesterday. 
★【情态动词】may/can/must/should/ought to/used to do 
→may/can/must/should/ought to/used should be done 
You must write an article on the subject.你应该针对这项目写一篇文章。
→An article must be written on the subject.