sed and awk学习笔记

awk起源追溯至sed和grep进而追溯至共同的行编辑器ed
实用工具grep来源于ed命令：g/re/p
实用工具awk和sed有一个共同的选项：-f用于指定脚本的名字
$sed -f scriptfile inputfile


用大致相同的方法调用sed和awk：
command [options] script filename


************************************************************************************************************************
使用行编辑器ed：
1、用ed打开文件是，它显示了文件这个的字符个数并定位在最后一行,没有提示符：
$ed tes
339


2、ed不理解的命令打印问号：
$abc
?


3、一个命令只影响当前行，显示当前行：
$p
当前行的内容


4、跳转到第1行，然后删除那一行：
$1
第一行的内容
$d


或者：
$1d


5、可以使用正则表达式，删除第一个包含单词regular的那一行：
$/regular/d


6、删除包含这个正则表达式的所有行：
$g/regular/d


7、用complex替代当前行上第一次出现的regular,如果没有找到会出现错误：
$s/regular/complex/


8、用complex替代当前行上所有出现的regular：
$s/regular/complex/g


9、匹配第一个包含单词regular的那一行，然后用用complex替代那一行上第一次出现的regular
$/regular/s/regular/complex/g


10、匹配所有包含单词regular的行，然后用用complex替代这些行上出现的regular
$/regular/s/regular/complex/g
第一个regular是地址，第二个regular是模式，地址和模式可以不等，如果地址和模式相等也可以使用：
$/regular/s//complex/g

************************************************************************************************************************
实用工具sed：
调用方法：
1、sed [选项] sed命令  输入文件
2、sed [选项]-f sed脚本文件输入文件
3、sed脚本文件  [选项] 输入文件


sed的命令行选项：
-e    编辑随后的指令
-f    跟随脚本中的文件名
-n    阻止输入行的自动输出


两种方式定位文本：
1)  使用行号，可以是一个简单数字，或是一个行号范围。
2)  使用正则表达式进行匹配。




命令行上指定多重指令方式：
1、用分号分隔指令：
$sed 's/MA/, Massachusetts/;s/ PA/, Pennsylvania/' list


2、在每个指令前放置-e:
$sed -e 's/ MA/, Massachusetts' -e 's/ PA/, Pannsylvania/' list


3、使用shell（不能是C shell）的分行指令功能，在输入单引号后return键，就会出项多行输入的提示符(>):
$ sed '
>s/ MA/, Massachusetts/
>s/ PA/, Pannsylvania/
>s/ CA/, California/' list

使用sed在文件中定位文本的方式：
xx为一行号，如 1
x,y表示行号范围从 x到y，如2，5表示从第 2行到第 5行
/pattern/查询包含模式的行。如 /disk/或/[a-z]/
/pattern/pattern/查询包含两个模式的行。如 /disk/disks/ 
pattern/,x在给定行号上查询包含模式的行。如 /ribbon/,3 
x,/pattern/通过行号和模式查询匹配行。如 3./vdu/
x,y!查询不包含指定行号 x和y的行。如 1,2！


sed编辑命令：
p打印匹配行
=显示文件行号
a\在定位行号后附加新文本信息
i\在定位行号后插入新文本信息 
d删除定位行
c\用新文本替换定位文本
s使用替换模式替换相应模式
r从另一个文件中读文本
w写文本到一个文件
q第一个模式匹配完成后推出或立即推出
l显示与八进制 ASCII代码等价的控制字符
{}在定位行执行的命令组
n从另一个文件中读文本下一行，并附加在下一行
g将模式 2粘贴到 /pattern n/
y传送字符
n延续到下一输入行；允许跨行的模式匹配语句






sed替换选项：
g   缺省情况下只替换第一次出现模式，使用 g选项替换全局所有出现模式。
p缺省 sed将所有被替换行写入标准输出，加 p选项将使 -n选项无效。 -n选项不打印输出 结果。
w   文件名   使用此选项将输出定向到一个文件。



显示文件中的控制字符：
1、使用 cat -v filename 命令，屏幕会乱叫，且到处都是一些垃圾字符，这可以确知文件中包含有控制字符（一些系统中使用 cat  filename 而不是 cat-v来查看非打印字符）
2、使用sed


向文件中插入控制字符：
各系统控制字符键值可能不同，主要取决于其映射方式（例如使用  terminfo或termcap）。 如果要在文本文件中插入控制字符 F1键，使用 vi查看其键值，操作如下：
1. 启动vi。
2. 进入插入模式。
3. 按下<Ctrl>键，然后按 <v>键  （出现 a^）。
4. 释放上述两个键。
5. 按下F1键（显示 [OP]。
6. 按下<ESC>键（显示 F1键值）



快速一行命令
下面是一些一行命令集。（[]表示空格， [ ] 表示tab键）
‘s/\.$//g’删除以句点结尾行
‘-e /abcd/d’删除包含 abcd的行
‘s/[][][]*/[]/g ’删除一个以上空格，用一个空格代替
‘s/^[][]*//g’删除行首空格
‘s/\.[][]*/[]/g’删除句点后跟两个或更多空格，代之以一个空格
‘/^$/d’删除空行
‘s/^.//g’删除第一个字符
‘s/COL\(...\)//g’删除紧跟 COL的后三个字母
‘s/^\///g’从路径中删除第一个 \
‘s/[]/[]//g’删除所有空格并用 tab键替代
‘S/^[]//g’删除行首所有 tab键
‘s/[]*//g’删除所有 tab键


命令行例子：

[root@redhat script]#cat quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed  '2p' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '2p' quote.txt 
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '2'p quote.txt 
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '1,3p' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '/Neave/'p quote.txt 
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '/The/'p quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '/\$/'p quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '1,$'p quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '3,/The/'p quote.txt 
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '/.*ing/'p quote.txt 
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '1'p quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '$'p quote.txt 
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed  '/music/=' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
2
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '/music/=' quote.txt 
2
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed  '/company/ a\aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat append.sed
#!/bin/sed -f
/company/ a\
1111111111111111111111111\
2222222222222222222222222\
3333333333333333333333333
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#./append.sed quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
1111111111111111111111111
2222222222222222222222222
3333333333333333333333333
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '4 i\5555555555555' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
5555555555555
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '4 c\5555555555555' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
5555555555555
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '/Too/ c\5555555555555' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
5555555555555
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed 'c\5555555555555' quote.txt 
5555555555555
5555555555555
5555555555555
5555555555555
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '1d' quote.txt 
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '1,3d' quote.txt 
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '$d' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '/Neave/d' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed 's/night/NIGHT/' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all NIGHT long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/night/NIGHT/' quote.txt 
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/night/NIGHT/'p quote.txt
The honeysuckle band played all NIGHT long for only $90.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/\$//'p quote.txt
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only 90.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/The/Wow!/g'p quote.txt
Wow! honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
Wow! local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed  's/The/Wow!/g' quote.txt
Wow! honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
Wow! local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/nurse/"Hello" &/p' quote.txt 
The local "Hello" nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/nurse/"Hello" &/'p quote.txt 
The local "Hello" nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/nurse/aaaaaaaaa &/'p quote.txt 
The local aaaaaaaaa nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/nurse/aaaaaaaaa&/'p quote.txt 
The local aaaaaaaaanurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/nurse/11111111 &/p' quote.txt
The local 11111111 nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/nurse/& 11111111/p' quote.txt
The local nurse 11111111 Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#ll
总用量 68
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    1 2011/12/06 05:12:25 1
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root  103 2011/09/22 02:10:07 aa.bak
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root  121 2011/12/06 06:51:07 aa.sh
-rwxr--r--  1 root root  107 2011/12/06 16:27:45 append.sed
-rwxr--r--  1 root root  154 2011/12/06 15:11:47 arraytest.awk
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 2011/11/26 23:27:11 CD
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 2011/12/06 13:32:53 Demo
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root  123 2011/12/06 14:49:16 fieldcheck.awk
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   44 2011/09/22 12:11:21 first.sh
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root  195 2011/12/06 06:07:48 grade.txt
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root  303 2011/11/27 03:04:04 list
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root  101 2011/11/27 03:52:13 nameState
-rwxr--r--  1 root root   91 2011/12/06 14:45:51 passwd.awk
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root  202 2011/12/06 15:54:36 quote.txt
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root   44 2011/11/27 03:24:34 sedscr
-rwxr--r--  1 root root  237 2011/12/06 14:24:56 student_tot.awk
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root   90 2011/09/21 20:39:22 test.sh
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '1,2 w sedout1' quote.txt
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#ll sedout1 
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 106 2011/12/06 17:01:31 sedout1
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat sedout1 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#vi sedex.txt
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat sedex.txt 
fffffffffffffffffff
ddddddddddddddddddd
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '/company./r sedex.txt' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
fffffffffffffffffff
ddddddddddddddddddd
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '/.a.*/'p quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
It was an evening of splendid music and company.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
Too bad the disco floor fell throught at 23:10.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '/.a.*/'q quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed '/.a.*/q' quote.txt 
The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]# 
[root@redhat script]#vi func.txt
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat func.txt 
This is the F1 key:P
This is the F2 key:Q
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat -v func.txt 
This is the F1 key:^[OP
This is the F2 key:^[OQ
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '1,$'l func.txt
This is the F1 key:\033OP$
This is the F2 key:\033OQ$
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n '1,$l' func.txt
This is the F1 key:\033OP$
This is the F2 key:\033OQ$
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/^[OP/f1/g' func.txt
[root@redhat script]#sed -n 's/^[OP/f1/g'p func.txt
This is the F1 key:f1
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#NAME="It's a go situation"
[root@redhat script]#REPLACE="GO"
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo $NAME | sed 's/go/aaaaaa/g'
It's a aaaaaa situation
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo $NAME | sed 's/go/GO/g'
It's a GO situation
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo $NAME | sed 's/go/$REPLACE/g'
It's a $REPLACE situation
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo $NAME | sed "s/go/$REPLACE/g"
It's a GO situation
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo $PWD
/root/yzh/script
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo $PWD | sed 's/^\///g'
root/yzh/script
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo "Mr Willis" | sed 's/Mr /& Bruce/g'
Mr  BruceWillis
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo "accounts.doc" | sed 's/^.//g'
ccounts.doc
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo "accounts.doc" | sed 's/.doc//g'
accounts
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo "accounts" | sed 's/$/.doc/g'
accounts.doc
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#



[root@redhat script]#cat list 
John Daggett, 341 King Road, Plymouth MA
Alice Ford, 22 East Broadway, Richmond VA
Orville Thomes, 11345 OaK Bridge Road, Tulsa OK
Terry Kalkas, 402 Lans Road, Beaver Falls PA
Eric Adams, 20 Post Road, Sudbury MA
Hubert Sims, 328A Bayshore Pkwy, Mountain View CA
Sal Carpenter, 73 6th Street, Boston MA
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed 's/MA/Massachusetts/' list
John Daggett, 341 King Road, Plymouth Massachusetts
Alice Ford, 22 East Broadway, Richmond VA
Orville Thomes, 11345 OaK Bridge Road, Tulsa OK
Terry Kalkas, 402 Lans Road, Beaver Falls PA
Eric Adams, 20 Post Road, Sudbury Massachusetts
Hubert Sims, 328A Bayshore Pkwy, Mountain View CA
Sal Carpenter, 73 6th Street, Boston Massachusetts
[root@redhat script]#cat sedscr
s/ MA/, Massachusetts/
s/ PA/,Pennsylvania/
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -f sedscr list
John Daggett, 341 King Road, Plymouth, Massachusetts
Alice Ford, 22 East Broadway, Richmond VA
Orville Thomes, 11345 OaK Bridge Road, Tulsa OK
Terry Kalkas, 402 Lans Road, Beaver Falls,Pennsylvania
Eric Adams, 20 Post Road, Sudbury, Massachusetts
Hubert Sims, 328A Bayshore Pkwy, Mountain View CA
Sal Carpenter, 73 6th Street, Boston, Massachusetts
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#sed -n -e 's/MA/Massachusetts/p' list
John Daggett, 341 King Road, Plymouth Massachusetts
Eric Adams, 20 Post Road, Sudbury Massachusetts
Sal Carpenter, 73 6th Street, Boston Massachusetts
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print $1}' list
John
Alice
Orville
Terry
Eric
Hubert
Sal
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print $0}' list
John Daggett, 341 King Road, Plymouth MA
Alice Ford, 22 East Broadway, Richmond VA
Orville Thomes, 11345 OaK Bridge Road, Tulsa OK
Terry Kalkas, 402 Lans Road, Beaver Falls PA
Eric Adams, 20 Post Road, Sudbury MA
Hubert Sims, 328A Bayshore Pkwy, Mountain View CA
Sal Carpenter, 73 6th Street, Boston MA
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat list
John Daggett, 341 King Road, Plymouth MA
Alice Ford, 22 East Broadway, Richmond VA
Orville Thomes, 11345 OaK Bridge Road, Tulsa OK
Terry Kalkas, 402 Lans Road, Beaver Falls PA
Eric Adams, 20 Post Road, Sudbury MA
Hubert Sims, 328A Bayshore Pkwy, Mountain View CA
Sal Carpenter, 73 6th Street, Boston MA
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '/MA/' list
John Daggett, 341 King Road, Plymouth MA
Eric Adams, 20 Post Road, Sudbury MA
Sal Carpenter, 73 6th Street, Boston MA
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '/MA/ {print $1}' list
John
Eric
Sal
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk -F, '/MA/ {print $1}' list
John Daggett
Eric Adams
Sal Carpenter
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk -F, '{print $1;print $2;print $3}' list
John Daggett
 341 King Road
 Plymouth MA
Alice Ford
 22 East Broadway
 Richmond VA
Orville Thomes
 11345 OaK Bridge Road
 Tulsa OK
Terry Kalkas
 402 Lans Road
 Beaver Falls PA
Eric Adams
 20 Post Road
 Sudbury MA
Hubert Sims
 328A Bayshore Pkwy
 Mountain View CA
Sal Carpenter
 73 6th Street
 Boston MA
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk -F, '{print $2}' list
 341 King Road
 22 East Broadway
 11345 OaK Bridge Road
 402 Lans Road
 20 Post Road
 328A Bayshore Pkwy
 73 6th Street
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat nameState 
s/ CA/, California/
s/ MA/, Massachusetts/
s/ OK/, Oklahoma/
s/ PA/, Pennsylvania/
s/ VA/, Virginia/
[root@redhat script]#sed -f nameState list | awk -F, '{print $4}'
 Massachusetts
 Virginia
 Oklahoma
 Pennsylvania
 Massachusetts
 California
 Massachusetts
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk  -F, '{print $3}' list
 Plymouth MA
 Richmond VA
 Tulsa OK
 Beaver Falls PA
 Sudbury MA
 Mountain View CA
 Boston MA
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk  -F, '{print $*}' list
awk: cmd. line:1: {print $*}
awk: cmd. line:1:         ^ syntax error
[root@redhat script]#awk  -F, '{print $3 "---->" $0 }' list
 Plymouth MA---->John Daggett, 341 King Road, Plymouth MA
 Richmond VA---->Alice Ford, 22 East Broadway, Richmond VA
 Tulsa OK---->Orville Thomes, 11345 OaK Bridge Road, Tulsa OK
 Beaver Falls PA---->Terry Kalkas, 402 Lans Road, Beaver Falls PA
 Sudbury MA---->Eric Adams, 20 Post Road, Sudbury MA
 Mountain View CA---->Hubert Sims, 328A Bayshore Pkwy, Mountain View CA
 Boston MA---->Sal Carpenter, 73 6th Street, Boston MA





************************************************************************************************************************
实用工具awk： 
三种方式调用awk:
1.命令行：awk [-F field-separator] 'commands' files
commands是真正的awk命令


2.将所有awk命令保存在一个文件中，然后用wak命令解释器作为脚本的首行，并使脚本文件可以执行


3.将awk命令保存到一个文件中，然后调用：awk -f awk-scrip input-files(s)


多重指令指定方式:
类似sed使用分号或shell的分行指令功能

理解awk：
将每一行看成是一条记录，每个单词看成是一个字段，默认使用空格和制表作为字段分隔符


awk的命令行选项：
-F    改变字段分隔符
-f    跟随脚本中的文件名
-v    跟随var=value


awk条件操作符：
<小于
>=大于等于
<=小于等于 
~匹配正则表达式
==等于
!~不匹配正则表达式
!=不等于


=  +=  *=  /  =  %=  ^  =赋值操作符
？条件表达操作符
||  &&  !并、与、非（上一节已讲到）
~!~匹配操作符，包括匹配和不匹配
<  <=  ==  !=  >>关系操作符
+  -  *  /  %  ^算术操作符
+  +  --前缀和后缀


awk内置变量：
ARGC命令行参数个数
ARGV命令行参数排列
ENVIRON支持队列中系统环境变量的使用
FILENAMEawk浏览的文件名
FNR浏览文件的记录数
FS设置输入域分隔符，等价于命令行 -F选项
NF浏览记录的域个数
NR已读的记录数 
OFS输出域分隔符 
ORS输出记录分隔符 
RS控制记录分隔符


ARGC支持命令行中传入 awk脚本的参数个数。 ARGV是ARGC的参数排列数组，其中每
一元素表示为 ARGV[n]，n为期望访问的命令行参数。
E N V I R O N 支持系统设置的环境变量，要访问单独变量，使用实际变量名，例如 
ENVIRON[“EDITOR”]=“Vi”。
FILENAME支持 awk脚本实际操作的输入文件。因为 awk可以同时处理许多文件，因此如 果访问了这个变量，将告之系统目前正在浏览的实际文件。
FNR支持 awk目前操作的记录数。其变量值小于等于  NR。如果脚本正在访问许多文件， 每一新输入文件都将重新设置此变量。
FS用来在 awk中设置域分隔符，与命令行中 -F选项功能相同。缺省情况下为空格。如果用 逗号来作域分隔符，设置 FS="，"。
NF支持记录域个数，在记录被读之后再设置。 OFS允许指定输出域分隔符，缺省为空格。如果想设置为 #，写入 OFS="#"。 ORS为输出记录分隔符，缺省为新行（ \n）。
RS是记录分隔符，缺省为新行 (\n)。


awk内置字符串函数：
gsub(r,s)在整个 $0中用s替代r 
gsub(r,s,t)在整个 t中用s替代r 
index(s,t)返回s中字符串 t的第一位置 
length(s)返回s长度
match(s,r)测试s是否包含匹配 r的字符串 
split(s,a,fs)在fs上将s 分成序列 a 
sprint(fmt,exp)返回经 fmt格式化后的 
exp sub(r,s)用$0中最左边最长的子串代替 s
substr(s,p)返回字符串 s中从p开始的后缀部分
substr(s,p,n)返回字符串 s 中从p开始长度为 n的后缀部分

awk中屏蔽序列：
\b退格键 
\ttab键
\f走纸换页 
\ddd八进制值
\n新行
\c任意其他特殊字符，例如 \\为反斜线符号
\r回车键

awk printf修饰符：
-左对齐
Width域的步长，用 0表示0步长
.prec最大字符串长度，或小数点右边的位数


awk printf格式：
%cASCII字符
%d整数
%e浮点数，科学记数法
%f浮点数，例如（ 123.44）
%gawk决定使用哪种浮点数转换 e或者f
%o八进制数
%s字符串
%x十六进制数

命令行实例：

[root@redhat script]#cat grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print $1$2}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley05/99
J.Lulu06/99
P.Bunny02/99
J.Troll07/99
L.Tansley05/99
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print $1 $2}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley05/99
J.Lulu06/99
P.Bunny02/99
J.Troll07/99
L.Tansley05/99
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print $1,$2}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99
J.Lulu 06/99
P.Bunny 02/99
J.Troll 07/99
L.Tansley 05/99
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print $1"\t"$2}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley05/99
J.Lulu06/99
P.Bunny02/99
J.Troll07/99
L.Tansley05/99
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{printf "%-8s\t%s\n",$1,$2}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley05/99
J.Lulu  06/99
P.Bunny 02/99
J.Troll 07/99
L.Tansley05/99
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print "Name Belt\n----------------------"}  {printf "%-8s\t%s\n",$1,$2}' grade.txt 
Name Belt
----------------------
M.Tansley05/99
J.Lulu  06/99
P.Bunny 02/99
J.Troll 07/99
L.Tansley05/99
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print "Name\tBelt\n----------------------"}  {printf "%-8s\t%s\n",$1,$2}' grade.txt 
NameBelt
----------------------
M.Tansley05/99
J.Lulu  06/99
P.Bunny 02/99
J.Troll 07/99
L.Tansley05/99
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print "$1\t$2"}' grade.txt 
$1$2
$1$2
$1$2
$1$2
$1$2
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print "Name\tBelt\n----------------------"}  {printf "%-8s\t%s\n",$1,$2} END {print "end-of-report"}' grade.txt 
NameBelt
----------------------
M.Tansley05/99
J.Lulu  06/99
P.Bunny 02/99
J.Troll 07/99
L.Tansley05/99
end-of-report
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$1 ~ /Bunny/' grade.txt 
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$0 ~ /Bunny/' grade.txt 
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
[root@redhat script]#awk '$2 ~ /Bunny/' grade.txt 
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$0 ~ /Brown/' grade.txt 
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{$0 ~ /Brown/}' grade.txt 
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($4 ~ /Brown/) print $0}' grade.txt 
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{$0~/Brown/}' grade.txt 
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($3~/48/) print $0}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$3=="48" {print $0}' grade.txt 
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$0 !~ /Brown/' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{$4 !~ /Brown/' grade.txt 
awk: cmd. line:2: (END OF FILE)
awk: cmd. line:2: syntax error
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($4!~/Brown/) print $0}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$4 != "Brown-2" {print $0}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($6 < $7) print $1 }' grade.txt 
M.Tansley
J.Lulu
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($6 <= $7) print $1 }' grade.txt 
M.Tansley
J.Lulu
J.Troll
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($6 < $7) print $0 "$1 Try better at the next comp" }' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44$1 Try better at the next comp
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26$1 Try better at the next comp
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($6 < $7) print $1 "Try better at the next comp" }' grade.txt 
M.TansleyTry better at the next comp
J.LuluTry better at the next comp
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($6 > $7) print $1}' grade.txt 
P.Bunny
L.Tansley
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '/[Gg]reen/' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$1 ~ /^...a/' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$0 ~ /(Yellow|Brown)/' grade.txt 
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '/^P./' grade.txt 
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($1 == "P.Bunny" && $4 == "Yellow") print $0}' grade.txt 
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($4 ~ /Brown/ && $4 == "Yellow") print $0}' grade.txt 
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($4 ~ /Brown/ || $4 == "Yellow") print $0}' grade.txt 
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print NF,NR,$0} END{print FILENAME} }' grade.txt 
awk: cmd. line:1: {print NF,NR,$0} END{print FILENAME} }
awk: cmd. line:1:                                      ^ syntax error
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print NF,NR,$0} END {print FILENAME} }' grade.txt 
awk: cmd. line:1: {print NF,NR,$0} END {print FILENAME} }
awk: cmd. line:1:                                       ^ syntax error
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print NF,NR,$0} END{print FILENAME}' grade.txt 
7 1 M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
7 2 J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
7 3 P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
7 4 J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
7 5 L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
grade.txt
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if(NR>0 && $4~/Brown/) print $0}' grade.txt 
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#pwd
/root/yzh/script
[root@redhat script]#echo $PWD
/root/yzh/script
[root@redhat script]#echo $PWD | awk -F/ '{print $NF}'
script
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo "/usr/local/etc/rc.sybase" | awk -F/ '{print $NF}'
rc.sybase
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{name=$1;belts=$4; if(belts ~ /Yellow/) print name " is belt" belts}' grade.txt 
P.Bunny is beltYellow
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{name=$1;belts=$4; if(belts ~ /Yellow/) print name " is belt " belts}' grade.txt 
P.Bunny is belt Yellow
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($6 < 27) print $0}' grade.txt 
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($6 < "27") print $0}' grade.txt 
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {BASELINE="27"} {if($6 < BASELINE) print $0}' grade.txt 
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($1=="M.Tansley") $6=$6-1; print $1,$6,$7}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 39 44
J.Lulu 24 26
P.Bunny 35 28
J.Troll 26 26
L.Tansley 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($1=="J.Troll") ($1="J.L.Troll"); print $1}'




[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($1=="J.Troll") ($1="J.L.Troll"); print $1}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley
J.Lulu
P.Bunny
J.L.Troll
L.Tansley
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($1=="J.Troll") {$1="J.L.Troll";print $1}}' grade.txt 
J.L.Troll
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print "NAME\t Difference"} {if($6<$7) {$8=$7-$6;print $1,$8}} ' grade.txt 
NAMEDifference
M.Tansley 4
J.Lulu 2
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print "NAME\t Difference"} {if($6<$7) {diff=$7-$6;print $1,diff}} ' grade.txt 
NAMEDifference
M.Tansley 4
J.Lulu 2
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '(tot+=$6); END {print "Club student total points: " tot}' grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
Club student total points: 155
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#ls -l
总用量 44
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    1 2011/12/06 05:12:25 1
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root  103 2011/09/22 02:10:07 aa.bak
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root  121 2011/12/06 06:51:07 aa.sh
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 2011/11/26 23:27:11 CD
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 2011/12/06 10:29:51 Demo
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   44 2011/09/22 12:11:21 first.sh
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root  195 2011/12/06 06:07:48 grade.txt
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root  303 2011/11/27 03:04:04 list
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root  101 2011/11/27 03:52:13 nameState
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root   44 2011/11/27 03:24:34 sedscr
-rwxrwxrwx  1 root root   90 2011/09/21 20:39:22 test.sh
[root@redhat script]#awk '/^[^d]/ {print $9"\t"$5} {tot+=$5} END {print "total KB:" tot}' grade.txt 
8
9
12
12
12
total KB:53
[root@redhat script]#awk '/^[^d]/ {print $8"\t"$5} {tot+=$5} END {print "total KB:" tot}' grade.txt 
8
9
12
12
12
total KB:53
[root@redhat script]#ls -l | awk '/^[^d]/ {print $8"\t"$5} {tot+=$5} END {print "total KB:" tot}'

11
aa.bak103
aa.sh121
first.sh44
grade.txt195
list303
nameState101
sedscr44
test.sh90
total KB:9194
[root@redhat script]#ls -l | awk '/^[^d]/ {print $8"---------------------"$5} {tot+=$5} END {print "total KB:" tot}'
---------------------
1---------------------1
aa.bak---------------------103
aa.sh---------------------121
first.sh---------------------44
grade.txt---------------------195
list---------------------303
nameState---------------------101
sedscr---------------------44
test.sh---------------------90
total KB:9194
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'gsub(/4842/,4899) {print $0}' grade.txt 
J.Troll   07/99 4899  Brown-3 12 26 26
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print index("Bunny","ny")}' grade.txt 
4
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$1=="J.Troll" {print length($1) " " $1}' grade.txt 
7 J.Troll
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print length("A FEW GOOD MEN")}'
14
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print match("ANCD",/d/)}'
0
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print match("ANCD",/c/)}'
0
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print match("ANCD",/C/)}'
3
[root@redhat script]#awk '$1=="J.Lulu" {print match($1,"u")}' grade.txt 
4
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print split("123#456#678",myarray,"#")}'
3
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '$1=="J.Troll" sub(/26/,"29",$0)' grade.txt 
[root@redhat script]#
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@redhat script]#awk '$1=="J.Troll" sub(/26/,"29",$0)' grade.txt 
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#cat 
1          aa.bak     aa.sh      CD/        Demo/      first.sh   grade.txt  list       nameState  sedscr     test.sh    
[root@redhat script]#cat grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
P.Bunny   02/99 48    Yellow  12 35 28
J.Troll   07/99 4842  Brown-3 12 26 26
L.Tansley 05/99 4712  Brown-2 12 30 28
[root@redhat script]#awk '$1=="J.Troll" sub(/26/,"29",$0)' grade.txt 
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print substr($1,3)}' grade.txt 
Tansley
Lulu
Bunny
Troll
Tansley
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {STR="A FEW GOOD MEN"} END {print substr(STR,7)}' grade.txt 
GOOD MEN
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo "Stand-by" | awk '{print length($0)}'
8
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#STR="mydoc.txt"
[root@redhat script]#echo $STR | awk '{print substr($STR,7)}'
txt
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print "\nMay\tDay\n\nMay     \104\141\171"}'


MayDay


May     Day
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#echo "65" | awk '{printf "%c\n",$0}'
A
[root@redhat script]#echo 'BEGIN {printf "%c\n",65}'
BEGIN {printf "%c\n",65}
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {printf "%c\n",65}'
A
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {printf "%f\n",999}'
999.000000
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print "%-15s %s\n",$1,$3}' grade.txt 
%-15s %s
 M.Tansley 48311
%-15s %s
 J.Lulu 48317
%-15s %s
 P.Bunny 48
%-15s %s
 J.Troll 4842
%-15s %s
 L.Tansley 4712
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print "%-5s %s\n",$1,$3}' grade.txt 
%-5s %s
 M.Tansley 48311
%-5s %s
 J.Lulu 48317
%-5s %s
 P.Bunny 48
%-5s %s
 J.Troll 4842
%-5s %s
 L.Tansley 4712
[root@redhat script]#awk {print "%-15s %s\n",$1,$3}' grade.txt 
> 
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print "%-15s %s\n",$1,$3}' grade.txt 
%-15s %s
 M.Tansley 48311
%-15s %s
 J.Lulu 48317
%-15s %s
 P.Bunny 48
%-15s %s
 J.Troll 4842
%-15s %s
 L.Tansley 4712
[root@redhat script]#awk '{print "%s %s\n",$1,$3}' grade.txt 
%s %s
 M.Tansley 48311
%s %s
 J.Lulu 48317
%s %s
 P.Bunny 48
%s %s
 J.Troll 4842
%s %s
 L.Tansley 4712
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print "Name \t\tS.Number"} {printf "%-15s %s",$1,$3}' grade.txt 
Name S.Number
M.Tansley       48311J.Lulu          48317P.Bunny         48J.Troll         4842L.Tansley       4712[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk 'BEGIN {print "Name \t\tS.Number"} {printf "%-15s %s\n",$1,$3}' grade.txt 
Name S.Number
M.Tansley       48311
J.Lulu          48317
P.Bunny         48
J.Troll         4842
L.Tansley       4712
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#awk '{if($5<AGE) print $0}' AGE=10  grade.txt 
M.Tansley 05/99 48311 Green   8  40 44
J.Lulu    06/99 48317 green   9  24 26
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#df -k
Filesystem             1K-块        已用     可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
                       7063480   2786784   3917888  42% /
/dev/sda1               101086     12826     83041  14% /boot
none                    257720         0    257720   0% /dev/shm
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#df -k | awk '($4 ~ /^[0-9]/) {if($4<TRIGGER) print $6"\t"$4}'
[root@redhat script]#df -k | awk '($4 ~ /^[0-9]/) {if($4<TRIGGER) print $6"\t"$4}' TRIGGER=56000
42%
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#df -k | awk '($4 ~ /^[0-9]/) {if($4>TRIGGER) print $6"\t"$4}' TRIGGER=56000
/boot83041
/dev/shm257720
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#who
root     pts/0        Dec  6 09:54 (192.168.245.1)
root     pts/1        Dec  6 10:29 (192.168.245.1)
[root@redhat script]#who | awk '{print $1 " is logged on"}'
root is logged on
root is logged on
[root@redhat script]#echo $LOGNAME 
root
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#who | awk '{if($1 == user) print $1 " you are connected to " $2}' user=$LOGNAME 
root you are connected to pts/0
root you are connected to pts/1
[root@redhat script]#
[root@redhat script]#