MongoDB数据库（三）进阶使用

MongoDB数据库

1. 数据查询

• ⽅法find()： 查询
  db.集合名.find({document})
• ⽅法findOne()：查询，只返回第⼀个
  db.集合名.findOne({document})
• ⽅法pretty()： 将结果格式化
  db.集合名.find({document}).pretty()

> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"), "name" : "hx", "age" : 22, "gender" : 2 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0ff29e62ebc28cc5f3"), "name" : "my", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"), "name" : "xy", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2 }
> db.stu.findOne()
{
	"_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"),
	"name" : "hx",
	"age" : 22,
	"gender" : 2
}
> db.stu.find().pretty()
{
	"_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"),
	"name" : "hx",
	"age" : 22,
	"gender" : 2
}
{
	"_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0ff29e62ebc28cc5f3"),
	"name" : "my",
	"age" : 24,
	"gender" : 2
}
{
	"_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"),
	"name" : "xy",
	"age" : 24,
	"gender" : 2
}

2. 运算符

2.1 比较运算符

比较方式	运算符	意义
等于	None	默认是等于判断， 没有运算符
⼩于	$lt	less than
⼩于等于	$lte	less than equal
⼤于	$gt	greater than
⼤于等于	$gte	greater than equal
不等于	$ne	not equal

例如：db.stu.find({age:{$gte:18}})

2.2 逻辑运算符

• and：写多个条件即可
  查询年龄⼤于或等于18， 并且性别为true的学⽣
  db.stu.find({age:{$gte:18}, gender:true})

• or：使⽤$or， 值为数组
  查询年龄⼤于18，或性别为false的学⽣
  db.stu.find({$or:[{age:{$gt:18}}, {gender:false}]})

连用：
查询年龄⼤于18或性别为男⽣， 并且姓名是xy
db.stu.find({$or:[{age:{$gte:18}}, {gender:true}], name:'xy'})

2.3 范围运算符

• 使⽤$in， $nin 查询指定范围的内容
  字段:{$in: [a, b, c]} 查询含有a, b, c的指定字段
  字段:{$nin: [a, b, c]} 查询不含有a, b, c的指定字段

例如：
查询年龄为22、 24的学⽣
db.stu.find({age:{$in:[22, 24]}})

> db.stu.find({age:{$in:[22, 24]}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"), "name" : "hx", "age" : 22, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0ff29e62ebc28cc5f3"), "name" : "my", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "wf" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"), "name" : "xy", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
> db.stu.find({age:{$nin:[24]}})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"), "name" : "hx", "age" : 22, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0dddf29e62ebc28cc5f6"), "name" : "xz", "age" : 23, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "rz" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0e04f29e62ebc28cc5f7"), "name" : "yh", "age" : 23, "gender" : 1, "hometown" : "qd" }

3. limit和skip

• ⽅法limit()： 用于读取指定数量的⽂档
  db.集合名称.find().limit(N)
  查询2条学⽣信息
  db.stu.find().limit(2)

• ⽅法skip()： 用于跳过指定数量的⽂档
  db.集合名称.find().skip(N)
  跳过2条学⽣信息
  db.stu.find().skip(2)

同时使用
db.stu.find().skip(2).limit(2)

> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"), "name" : "hx", "age" : 22, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0ff29e62ebc28cc5f3"), "name" : "my", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "wf" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"), "name" : "xy", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0dddf29e62ebc28cc5f6"), "name" : "xz", "age" : 23, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "rz" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0e04f29e62ebc28cc5f7"), "name" : "yh", "age" : 23, "gender" : 1, "hometown" : "qd" }
> db.stu.find().skip(2).limit(2)
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"), "name" : "xy", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0dddf29e62ebc28cc5f6"), "name" : "xz", "age" : 23, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "rz" }

4. 投影

• 在查询到的返回结果中， 只显示必要的字段
  db.集合名称.find({}, {字段名:1,...})
  参数为字段与值， 值为1表示显示
  特殊： 对于_id列默认是显示的， 如果不显示需要明确设置为0

例如：
db.stu.find({}, {_id:0, name:1, hometown:1})

> db.stu.find({}, {_id:0, name:1, hometown:1})
{ "name" : "hx", "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "name" : "my", "hometown" : "wf" }
{ "name" : "xy", "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "name" : "xz", "hometown" : "rz" }
{ "name" : "yh", "hometown" : "qd" }

5. 排序

• ⽅法sort()：用于排序
  db.集合名称.find().sort({字段名:1,...})
  参数1为升序排列
  参数-1为降序排列

例如：
根据性别升序， 再根据年龄降序
db.stu.find().sort({gender:1, age:-1})

> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"), "name" : "hx", "age" : 22, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0ff29e62ebc28cc5f3"), "name" : "my", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "wf" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"), "name" : "xy", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0dddf29e62ebc28cc5f6"), "name" : "xz", "age" : 23, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "rz" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0e04f29e62ebc28cc5f7"), "name" : "yh", "age" : 23, "gender" : 1, "hometown" : "qd" }
> db.stu.find().sort({gender:1, age:-1})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0e04f29e62ebc28cc5f7"), "name" : "yh", "age" : 23, "gender" : 1, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0ff29e62ebc28cc5f3"), "name" : "my", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "wf" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"), "name" : "xy", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dac0dddf29e62ebc28cc5f6"), "name" : "xz", "age" : 23, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "rz" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"), "name" : "hx", "age" : 22, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }

6. 统计个数

• ⽅法count()：⽤于统计结果集中⽂档条数
  db.集合名称.find({条件}).count()
db.集合名称.count({条件})

例如：
db.stu.find({gender:true}).count()
db.stu.count({age:{$gt:20}, gender:true})

> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"), "name" : "hx", "age" : 22, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0ff29e62ebc28cc5f3"), "name" : "my", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "wf" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"), "name" : "xy", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
> db.stu.find({gender:2}).count()
3
> db.stu.count({age:{$gt:22}, gender:2})
2

7. 消除重复

• ⽅法distinct()：对数据进⾏去重
  db.集合名称.distinct('去重字段', {条件})

例如：
db.stu.distinct('hometown', {age:{$gt:18}})

> db.stu.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0cf29e62ebc28cc5f2"), "name" : "hx", "age" : 22, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf0ff29e62ebc28cc5f3"), "name" : "my", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "wf" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5dabdf80f29e62ebc28cc5f4"), "name" : "xy", "age" : 24, "gender" : 2, "hometown" : "qd" }
> db.stu.distinct('hometown', {age:{$gt:18}})
[ "qd", "wf" ]