Java基础之Servlet

# 今日内容：
    1. Servlet
    2. HTTP协议
    3. Request




## Servlet：
    1. 概念
    2. 步骤
    3. 执行原理
    4. 生命周期
    5. Servlet3.0 注解配置
    6. Servlet的体系结构    
        Servlet -- 接口
            |
        GenericServlet -- 抽象类
            |
        HttpServlet  -- 抽象类

        * GenericServlet：将Servlet接口中其他的方法做了默认空实现，只将service()方法作为抽象
            * 将来定义Servlet类时，可以继承GenericServlet，实现service()方法即可

        * HttpServlet：对http协议的一种封装，简化操作
            1. 定义类继承HttpServlet
            2. 复写doGet/doPost方法
    
    7. Servlet相关配置
        1. urlpartten:Servlet访问路径
            1. 一个Servlet可以定义多个访问路径 ： @WebServlet({"/d4","/dd4","/ddd4"})
            2. 路径定义规则：
                1. /xxx：路径匹配
                2. /xxx/xxx:多层路径，目录结构
                3. *.do：扩展名匹配

## HTTP：
    * 概念：Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议
        * 传输协议：定义了，客户端和服务器端通信时，发送数据的格式
        * 特点：
            1. 基于TCP/IP的高级协议
            2. 默认端口号:80
            3. 基于请求/响应模型的:一次请求对应一次响应
            4. 无状态的：每次请求之间相互独立，不能交互数据

        * 历史版本：
            * 1.0：每一次请求响应都会建立新的连接
            * 1.1：复用连接

    * 请求消息数据格式
        1. 请求行
            请求方式 请求url 请求协议/版本
            GET /login.html    HTTP/1.1

            * 请求方式：
                * HTTP协议有7中请求方式，常用的有2种
                    * GET：
                        1. 请求参数在请求行中，在url后。
                        2. 请求的url长度有限制的
                        3. 不太安全
                    * POST：
                        1. 请求参数在请求体中
                        2. 请求的url长度没有限制的
                        3. 相对安全
        2. 请求头：客户端浏览器告诉服务器一些信息
            请求头名称: 请求头值
            * 常见的请求头：
                1. User-Agent：浏览器告诉服务器，我访问你使用的浏览器版本信息
                    * 可以在服务器端获取该头的信息，解决浏览器的兼容性问题

                2. Referer：http://localhost/login.html
                    * 告诉服务器，我(当前请求)从哪里来？
                        * 作用：
                            1. 防盗链：
                            2. 统计工作：
        3. 请求空行
            空行，就是用于分割POST请求的请求头，和请求体的。
        4. 请求体(正文)：
            * 封装POST请求消息的请求参数的

        * 字符串格式：
            POST /login.html    HTTP/1.1
            Host: localhost
            User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.0
            Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
            Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
            Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
            Referer: http://localhost/login.html
            Connection: keep-alive
            Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
            
            username=zhangsan    


    * 响应消息数据格式




## Request：
    1. request对象和response对象的原理
        1. request和response对象是由服务器创建的。我们来使用它们
        2. request对象是来获取请求消息，response对象是来设置响应消息
    
    2. request对象继承体系结构：    
        ServletRequest        --    接口
            |    继承
        HttpServletRequest    -- 接口
            |    实现
        org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade 类(tomcat)

    3. request功能：
        1. 获取请求消息数据
            1. 获取请求行数据
                * GET /day14/demo1?name=zhangsan HTTP/1.1
                * 方法：
                    1. 获取请求方式 ：GET
                        * String getMethod()  
                    2. (*)获取虚拟目录：/day14
                        * String getContextPath()
                    3. 获取Servlet路径: /demo1
                        * String getServletPath()
                    4. 获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan
                        * String getQueryString()
                    5. (*)获取请求URI：/day14/demo1
                        * String getRequestURI():        /day14/demo1
                        * StringBuffer getRequestURL()  :http://localhost/day14/demo1

                        * URL:统一资源定位符 ： http://localhost/day14/demo1    中华人民共和国
                        * URI：统一资源标识符 : /day14/demo1                    共和国
                    
                    6. 获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1
                        * String getProtocol()

                    7. 获取客户机的IP地址：
                        * String getRemoteAddr()
                    
            2. 获取请求头数据
                * 方法：
                    * (*)String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值
                    * Enumeration<String> getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称
                
            3. 获取请求体数据:
                * 请求体：只有POST请求方式，才有请求体，在请求体中封装了POST请求的请求参数
                * 步骤：
                    1. 获取流对象
                        *  BufferedReader getReader()：获取字符输入流，只能操作字符数据
                        *  ServletInputStream getInputStream()：获取字节输入流，可以操作所有类型数据
                            * 在文件上传知识点后讲解

                    2. 再从流对象中拿数据
                
                
        2. 其他功能：
            1. 获取请求参数通用方式：不论get还是post请求方式都可以使用下列方法来获取请求参数
                1. String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值    username=zs&password=123
                2. String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组  hobby=xx&hobby=game
                3. Enumeration<String> getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称
                4. Map<String,String[]> getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合

                * 中文乱码问题：
                    * get方式：tomcat 8 已经将get方式乱码问题解决了
                    * post方式：会乱码
                        * 解决：在获取参数前，设置request的编码request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
            
                    
            2. 请求转发：一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式
                1. 步骤：
                    1. 通过request对象获取请求转发器对象：RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path)
                    2. 使用RequestDispatcher对象来进行转发：forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) 

                2. 特点：
                    1. 浏览器地址栏路径不发生变化
                    2. 只能转发到当前服务器内部资源中。
                    3. 转发是一次请求


            3. 共享数据：
                * 域对象：一个有作用范围的对象，可以在范围内共享数据
                * request域：代表一次请求的范围，一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据
                * 方法：
                    1. void setAttribute(String name,Object obj):存储数据
                    2. Object getAttitude(String name):通过键获取值
                    3. void removeAttribute(String name):通过键移除键值对

            4. 获取ServletContext：
                * ServletContext getServletContext()
            



## 案例：用户登录
    * 用户登录案例需求：
        1.编写login.html登录页面
            username & password 两个输入框
        2.使用Druid数据库连接池技术,操作mysql，day14数据库中user表
        3.使用JdbcTemplate技术封装JDBC
        4.登录成功跳转到SuccessServlet展示：登录成功！用户名,欢迎您
        5.登录失败跳转到FailServlet展示：登录失败，用户名或密码错误


    * 分析

    * 开发步骤
        1. 创建项目，导入html页面，配置文件，jar包
        2. 创建数据库环境
            CREATE DATABASE day14;
            USE day14;
            CREATE TABLE USER(
            
                id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
                username VARCHAR(32) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
                PASSWORD VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL
            );

        3. 创建包cn.itcast.domain,创建类User
            package cn.itcast.domain;
            /**
             * 用户的实体类
             */
            public class User {
            
                private int id;
                private String username;
                private String password;
            
            
                public int getId() {
                    return id;
                }
            
                public void setId(int id) {
                    this.id = id;
                }
            
                public String getUsername() {
                    return username;
                }
            
                public void setUsername(String username) {
                    this.username = username;
                }
            
                public String getPassword() {
                    return password;
                }
            
                public void setPassword(String password) {
                    this.password = password;
                }
            
                @Override
                public String toString() {
                    return "User{" +
                            "id=" + id +
                            ", username='" + username + '\'' +
                            ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                            '}';
                }
            }
        4. 创建包cn.itcast.util,编写工具类JDBCUtils
            package cn.itcast.util;

            import com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSourceFactory;
            
            import javax.sql.DataSource;
            import javax.xml.crypto.Data;
            import java.io.IOException;
            import java.io.InputStream;
            import java.sql.Connection;
            import java.sql.SQLException;
            import java.util.Properties;
            
            /**
             * JDBC工具类 使用Durid连接池
             */
            public class JDBCUtils {
            
                private static DataSource ds ;
            
                static {
            
                    try {
                        //1.加载配置文件
                        Properties pro = new Properties();
                        //使用ClassLoader加载配置文件，获取字节输入流
                        InputStream is = JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("druid.properties");
                        pro.load(is);
            
                        //2.初始化连接池对象
                        ds = DruidDataSourceFactory.createDataSource(pro);
            
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            
                /**
                 * 获取连接池对象
                 */
                public static DataSource getDataSource(){
                    return ds;
                }
            
            
                /**
                 * 获取连接Connection对象
                 */
                public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
                    return  ds.getConnection();
                }
            }
        5. 创建包cn.itcast.dao,创建类UserDao,提供login方法
            
            package cn.itcast.dao;

            import cn.itcast.domain.User;
            import cn.itcast.util.JDBCUtils;
            import org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException;
            import org.springframework.jdbc.core.BeanPropertyRowMapper;
            import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
            
            /**
             * 操作数据库中User表的类
             */
            public class UserDao {
            
                //声明JDBCTemplate对象共用
                private JdbcTemplate template = new JdbcTemplate(JDBCUtils.getDataSource());
            
                /**
                 * 登录方法
                 * @param loginUser 只有用户名和密码
                 * @return user包含用户全部数据,没有查询到，返回null
                 */
                public User login(User loginUser){
                    try {
                        //1.编写sql
                        String sql = "select * from user where username = ? and password = ?";
                        //2.调用query方法
                        User user = template.queryForObject(sql,
                                new BeanPropertyRowMapper<User>(User.class),
                                loginUser.getUsername(), loginUser.getPassword());
            
            
                        return user;
                    } catch (DataAccessException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();//记录日志
                        return null;
                    }
                }
            }
        
        6. 编写cn.itcast.web.servlet.LoginServlet类
            package cn.itcast.web.servlet;

            import cn.itcast.dao.UserDao;
            import cn.itcast.domain.User;
            
            import javax.servlet.ServletException;
            import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
            import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
            import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
            import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
            import java.io.IOException;
            
            
            @WebServlet("/loginServlet")
            public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
            
            
                @Override
                protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
                    //1.设置编码
                    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
                    //2.获取请求参数
                    String username = req.getParameter("username");
                    String password = req.getParameter("password");
                    //3.封装user对象
                    User loginUser = new User();
                    loginUser.setUsername(username);
                    loginUser.setPassword(password);
            
                    //4.调用UserDao的login方法
                    UserDao dao = new UserDao();
                    User user = dao.login(loginUser);
            
                    //5.判断user
                    if(user == null){
                        //登录失败
                        req.getRequestDispatcher("/failServlet").forward(req,resp);
                    }else{
                        //登录成功
                        //存储数据
                        req.setAttribute("user",user);
                        //转发
                        req.getRequestDispatcher("/successServlet").forward(req,resp);
                    }
            
                }
            
                @Override
                protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
                    this.doGet(req,resp);
                }
            }

        7. 编写FailServlet和SuccessServlet类
            @WebServlet("/successServlet")
            public class SuccessServlet extends HttpServlet {
                protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
                    //获取request域中共享的user对象
                    User user = (User) request.getAttribute("user");
            
                    if(user != null){
                        //给页面写一句话
            
                        //设置编码
                        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
                        //输出
                        response.getWriter().write("登录成功！"+user.getUsername()+",欢迎您");
                    }
            
            
                }        


            @WebServlet("/failServlet")
            public class FailServlet extends HttpServlet {
                protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
                    //给页面写一句话
            
                    //设置编码
                    response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
                    //输出
                    response.getWriter().write("登录失败，用户名或密码错误");
            
                }
            
                protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
                    this.doPost(request,response);
                }
            }



        8. login.html中form表单的action路径的写法
            * 虚拟目录+Servlet的资源路径

        9. BeanUtils工具类，简化数据封装
            * 用于封装JavaBean的
            1. JavaBean：标准的Java类
                1. 要求：
                    1. 类必须被public修饰
                    2. 必须提供空参的构造器
                    3. 成员变量必须使用private修饰
                    4. 提供公共setter和getter方法
                2. 功能：封装数据


            2. 概念：
                成员变量：
                属性：setter和getter方法截取后的产物
                    例如：getUsername() --> Username--> username


            3. 方法：
                1. setProperty()
                2. getProperty()
                3. populate(Object obj , Map map):将map集合的键值对信息，封装到对应的JavaBean对象中