二. 基础数据结构——双端队列

一、概述

双端队列、队列、栈对比

	定义	特点
队列	一端删除（头）另一端添加（尾）	First In First Out
栈	一端删除和添加（顶）	Last In First Out
双端队列	两端都可以删除、添加
优先级队列		优先级高者先出队
延时队列		根据延时时间确定优先级
并发非阻塞队列	队列空或满时不阻塞
并发阻塞队列	队列空时删除阻塞、队列满时添加阻塞

注1：

• Java 中 LinkedList 即为典型双端队列实现，不过它同时实现了 Queue 接口，也提供了栈的 push pop 等方法

注2：

• 不同语言，操作双端队列的方法命名有所不同，参见下表

  操作	Java	JavaScript	C++	leetCode 641
  尾部插入	offerLast	push	push_back	insertLast
  头部插入	offerFirst	unshift	push_front	insertFront
  尾部移除	pollLast	pop	pop_back	deleteLast
  头部移除	pollFirst	shift	pop_front	deleteFront
  尾部获取	peekLast	at(-1)	back	getRear
  头部获取	peekFirst	at(0)	front	getFront

• 吐槽一下 leetCode 命名比较 low

• 常见的单词还有 enqueue 入队、dequeue 出队

接口定义

public interface Deque<E> {

    boolean offerFirst(E e);

    boolean offerLast(E e);

    E pollFirst();

    E pollLast();

    E peekFirst();

    E peekLast();
    
    boolean isEmpty();

    boolean isFull();
}

二、链表实现

/**
 * 基于环形链表的双端队列
 * @param <E> 元素类型
 */
public class LinkedListDeque<E> implements Deque<E>, Iterable<E> {

    @Override
    public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
        if (isFull()) {
            return false;
        }
        size++;
        Node<E> a = sentinel;
        Node<E> b = sentinel.next;
        Node<E> offered = new Node<>(a, e, b);
        a.next = offered;
        b.prev = offered;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean offerLast(E e) {
        if (isFull()) {
            return false;
        }
        size++;
        Node<E> a = sentinel.prev;
        Node<E> b = sentinel;
        Node<E> offered = new Node<>(a, e, b);
        a.next = offered;
        b.prev = offered;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public E pollFirst() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        Node<E> a = sentinel;
        Node<E> polled = sentinel.next;
        Node<E> b = polled.next;
        a.next = b;
        b.prev = a;
        size--;
        return polled.value;
    }

    @Override
    public E pollLast() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        Node<E> polled = sentinel.prev;
        Node<E> a = polled.prev;
        Node<E> b = sentinel;
        a.next = b;
        b.prev = a;
        size--;
        return polled.value;
    }

    @Override
    public E peekFirst() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return sentinel.next.value;
    }

    @Override
    public E peekLast() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return sentinel.prev.value;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isFull() {
        return size == capacity;
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<E>() {
            Node<E> p = sentinel.next;
            @Override
            public boolean hasNext() {
                return p != sentinel;
            }

            @Override
            public E next() {
                E value = p.value;
                p = p.next;
                return value;
            }
        };
    }

    static class Node<E> {
        Node<E> prev;
        E value;
        Node<E> next;

        public Node(Node<E> prev, E value, Node<E> next) {
            this.prev = prev;
            this.value = value;
            this.next = next;
        }
    }

    Node<E> sentinel = new Node<>(null, null, null);
    int capacity;
    int size;

    public LinkedListDeque(int capacity) {
        sentinel.next = sentinel;
        sentinel.prev = sentinel;
        this.capacity = capacity;
    }
}

三、数组实现

/**
 * 基于循环数组实现, 特点
 * <ul>
 *     <li>tail 停下来的位置不存储, 会浪费一个位置</li>
 * </ul>
 * @param <E>
 */
public class ArrayDeque1<E> implements Deque<E>, Iterable<E> {

    /*
                    h
            t
        0   1   2   3
        b           a
     */
    @Override
    public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
        if (isFull()) {
            return false;
        }
        head = dec(head, array.length);
        array[head] = e;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean offerLast(E e) {
        if (isFull()) {
            return false;
        }
        array[tail] = e;
        tail = inc(tail, array.length);
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public E pollFirst() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        E e = array[head];
        array[head] = null;
        head = inc(head, array.length);
        return e;
    }

    @Override
    public E pollLast() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        tail = dec(tail, array.length);
        E e = array[tail];
        array[tail] = null;
        return e;
    }

    @Override
    public E peekFirst() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return array[head];
    }

    @Override
    public E peekLast() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return null;
        }
        return array[dec(tail, array.length)];
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return head == tail;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isFull() {
        if (tail > head) {
            return tail - head == array.length - 1;
        } else if (tail < head) {
            return head - tail == 1;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<E>() {
            int p = head;
            @Override
            public boolean hasNext() {
                return p != tail;
            }

            @Override
            public E next() {
                E e = array[p];
                p = inc(p, array.length);
                return e;
            }
        };
    }

    E[] array;
    int head;
    int tail;

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public ArrayDeque1(int capacity) {
        array = (E[]) new Object[capacity + 1];
    }

    static int inc(int i, int length) {
        if (i + 1 >= length) {
            return 0;
        }
        return i + 1;
    }

    static int dec(int i, int length) {
        if (i - 1 < 0) {
            return length - 1;
        }
        return i - 1;
    }
}

四、习题

E01. 二叉树 Z 字层序遍历-Leetcode 103

public class E01Leetcode103 {
    public List<List<Integer>> zigzagLevelOrder(TreeNode root) {
        List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
        if (root == null) {
            return result;
        }
        LinkedList<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<>();
        queue.offer(root);
        boolean leftToRight = true;
        int c1 = 1;
        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
            int c2 = 0;
            LinkedList<Integer> deque = new LinkedList<>();
            for (int i = 0; i < c1; i++) {
                TreeNode n = queue.poll();
                if (leftToRight) {
                    deque.offerLast(n.val);
                } else {
                    deque.offerFirst(n.val);
                }
                if (n.left != null) {
                    queue.offer(n.left);
                    c2++;
                }
                if (n.right != null) {
                    queue.offer(n.right);
                    c2++;
                }
            }
            c1 = c2;
            leftToRight = !leftToRight;
            result.add(deque);
        }

        return result;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TreeNode root = new TreeNode(
                new TreeNode(
                        new TreeNode(4),
                        2,
                        new TreeNode(5)
                ),
                1,
                new TreeNode(
                        new TreeNode(6),
                        3,
                        new TreeNode(7)
                )
        );
        List<List<Integer>> lists = new E01Leetcode103().zigzagLevelOrder(root);
        for (List<Integer> list : lists) {
            System.out.println(list);
        }
    }
}

Ex1. 设计双端队列-Leetcode 641

与课堂例题也是差别不大，略