base64编码、解码的C语言实现

  base64是一种基于64个可打印字符来表示二进制数据的表示方法。由于2^6=64,所以每6位为一个单位,对应某个可打印字符。三个字节共24位,对应于4个base64单位,即3个字节需要用4个可打印字符来表示。它常用来作为电子邮件的传输编码。在base64中的可打印字符包括大写英文字母A-Z,小写英文字母a-z、阿拉伯数字0-9,这样共有62个字符,此外两个可打印符号在不同的系统中而不同,通常用加号(+)和正斜杠(/)。外加“补全符号”,通常用等号(=)。

  完整的base64定义可见RFC 1421和RFC 2045。编码后的数据比原始数据略长,为原来的\frac{4}{3}。在电子邮件中,根据RFC 822的规定,每76个字符,还需要加上回车符和换行符。可以估算编码后数据长度大约为原长的135.1%。

  base64编码的时候,将三个自己的数据,先后放入一个24位的缓冲区中,先来的自己占高位。数据不足3个字节的话,在缓冲区中剩下的位用0补足。然后,每次取出6(因为2^6=64)位,按照其值选择 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/ 中的字符作为编码后的输出。不断进行,直到全部输入数据转换完成。如果最后剩下两个输入数据,在编码结果后加1个“=”;如果最后剩下一个输入数据,编码结果后加2个“=”;如果没有剩下任何数据,就什么都不要加。这样才可以保证资料还原的正确性。

  C语言源代码如下:

/**
 *  base64编码、解码实现
 *       C语言源代码
 *
 *   注意:请使用gcc编译
 *
 *             叶剑飞
 *
 * 
 *
 *  使用说明:
 *      命令行参数说明:若有“-d”参数,则为base64解码,否则为base64编码。
 *                      若有“-o”参数,后接文件名,则输出到标准输出文件。
 *      输入来自标准输入stdin,输出为标准输出stdout。可重定向输入输出流。
 *
 *        base64编码:输入任意二进制流,读取到文件读完了为止(键盘输入则遇到文件结尾符为止)。
 *                    输出纯文本的base64编码。
 *
 *        base64解码:输入纯文本的base64编码,读取到文件读完了为止(键盘输入则遇到文件结尾符为止)。
 *                    输出原来的二进制流。
 *
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#ifndef MAX_PATH
#define MAX_PATH 256
#endif

const char * base64char = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";

char * base64_encode( const unsigned char * bindata, char * base64, int binlength )
{
    int i, j;
    unsigned char current;

    for ( i = 0, j = 0 ; i < binlength ; i += 3 )
    {
        current = (bindata[i] >> 2) ;
        current &= (unsigned char)0x3F;
        base64[j++] = base64char[(int)current];

        current = ( (unsigned char)(bindata[i] << 4 ) ) & ( (unsigned char)0x30 ) ;
        if ( i + 1 >= binlength )
        {
            base64[j++] = base64char[(int)current];
            base64[j++] = '=';
            base64[j++] = '=';
            break;
        }
        current |= ( (unsigned char)(bindata[i+1] >> 4) ) & ( (unsigned char) 0x0F );
        base64[j++] = base64char[(int)current];

        current = ( (unsigned char)(bindata[i+1] << 2) ) & ( (unsigned char)0x3C ) ;
        if ( i + 2 >= binlength )
        {
            base64[j++] = base64char[(int)current];
            base64[j++] = '=';
            break;
        }
        current |= ( (unsigned char)(bindata[i+2] >> 6) ) & ( (unsigned char) 0x03 );
        base64[j++] = base64char[(int)current];

        current = ( (unsigned char)bindata[i+2] ) & ( (unsigned char)0x3F ) ;
        base64[j++] = base64char[(int)current];
    }
    base64[j] = '\0';
    return base64;
}

int base64_decode( const char * base64, unsigned char * bindata )
{
    int i, j;
    unsigned char k;
    unsigned char temp[4];
    for ( i = 0, j = 0; base64[i] != '\0' ; i += 4 )
    {
        memset( temp, 0xFF, sizeof(temp) );
        for ( k = 0 ; k < 64 ; k ++ )
        {
            if ( base64char[k] == base64[i] )
                temp[0]= k;
        }
        for ( k = 0 ; k < 64 ; k ++ )
        {
            if ( base64char[k] == base64[i+1] )
                temp[1]= k;
        }
        for ( k = 0 ; k < 64 ; k ++ )
        {
            if ( base64char[k] == base64[i+2] )
                temp[2]= k;
        }
        for ( k = 0 ; k < 64 ; k ++ )
        {
            if ( base64char[k] == base64[i+3] )
                temp[3]= k;
        }

        bindata[j++] = ((unsigned char)(((unsigned char)(temp[0] << 2))&0xFC)) |
                ((unsigned char)((unsigned char)(temp[1]>>4)&0x03));
        if ( base64[i+2] == '=' )
            break;

        bindata[j++] = ((unsigned char)(((unsigned char)(temp[1] << 4))&0xF0)) |
                ((unsigned char)((unsigned char)(temp[2]>>2)&0x0F));
        if ( base64[i+3] == '=' )
            break;

        bindata[j++] = ((unsigned char)(((unsigned char)(temp[2] << 6))&0xF0)) |
                ((unsigned char)(temp[3]&0x3F));
    }
    return j;
}

void encode(FILE * fp_in, FILE * fp_out)
{
    unsigned char bindata[2050];
    char base64[4096];
    size_t bytes;
    while ( !feof( fp_in ) )
    {
        bytes = fread( bindata, 1, 2049, fp_in );
        base64_encode( bindata, base64, bytes );
        fprintf( fp_out, "%s", base64 );
    }
}

void decode(FILE * fp_in, FILE * fp_out)
{
    int i;
    unsigned char bindata[2050];
    char base64[4096];
    size_t bytes;
    while ( !feof( fp_in ) )
    {
        for ( i = 0 ; i < 2048 ; i ++ )
        {
            base64[i] = fgetc(fp_in);
            if ( base64[i] == EOF )
                break;
            else if ( base64[i] == '\n' || base64[i] == '\r' )
                i --;
        }
        bytes = base64_decode( base64, bindata );
        fwrite( bindata, bytes, 1, fp_out );
    }
}

void help(const char * filepath)
{
    fprintf( stderr, "Usage: %s [-d] [input_filename] [-o output_filepath]\n", filepath );
    fprintf( stderr, "\t-d\tdecode data\n" );
    fprintf( stderr, "\t-o\toutput filepath\n\n" );
}

int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
    FILE * fp_input = NULL;
    FILE * fp_output = NULL;
    bool isencode = true;
    bool needHelp = false;
    int opt = 0;
    char input_filename[MAX_PATH] = "";
    char output_filename[MAX_PATH] = "";

    opterr = 0;
    while ( (opt = getopt(argc, argv, "hdo:")) != -1 )
    {
        switch(opt)
        {
        case 'd':
            isencode = false;
            break;
        case 'o':
            strncpy(output_filename, optarg, sizeof(output_filename));
            output_filename[sizeof(output_filename)-1] = '\0';
            break;
        case 'h':
            needHelp = true;
            break;
        default:
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid option -- %c\n", argv[0], optopt);
            needHelp = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    if ( optind < argc )
    {
        strncpy(input_filename, argv[optind], sizeof(input_filename));
        input_filename[sizeof(input_filename)-1] = '\0';
    }

    if (needHelp)
    {
        help(argv[0]);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    if ( !strcmp(input_filename, "") )
    {
        fp_input = stdin;
        if (isencode)
            _setmode( _fileno(stdin), _O_BINARY );
    }
    else
    {
        if (isencode)
            fp_input = fopen(input_filename, "rb");
        else
            fp_input = fopen(input_filename, "r");
    }
    if ( fp_input == NULL )
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Input file open error\n");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    if ( !strcmp(output_filename, "") )
    {
        fp_output = stdout;
        if (!isencode)
            _setmode( _fileno(stdout), _O_BINARY );
    }
    else
    {
        if (isencode)
            fp_output = fopen(output_filename, "w");
        else
            fp_output = fopen(output_filename, "wb");
    }
    if ( fp_output == NULL )
    {
        fclose(fp_input);
        fp_input = NULL;
        fprintf(stderr, "Output file open error\n");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    if (isencode)
        encode(fp_input, fp_output);
    else
        decode(fp_input, fp_output);
    fclose(fp_input);
    fclose(fp_output);
    fp_input = fp_output = NULL;
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

 

以下是C语言实现base64编码解码的示例代码: ```c #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> // Base64编码表 static const char base64_table[] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"; // Base64解码表 static const char base64_decode_table[] = { 62, -1, -1, -1, 63, // '+', '/', and 0x3D are special 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, // '0'-'9', '=', and 'A'-'Z' -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 }; // Base64编码函数 char* base64_encode(const unsigned char *data, size_t input_length, size_t *output_length) { *output_length = 4 * ((input_length + 2) / 3); // 计算编码后字符串长度 char *encoded_data = malloc(*output_length + 1); // 分配内存 if (encoded_data == NULL) { return NULL; } // 编码 for (size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) { uint32_t octet_a = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0; uint32_t octet_b = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0; uint32_t octet_c = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0; uint32_t triple = (octet_a << 0x10) + (octet_b << 0x08) + octet_c; encoded_data[j++] = base64_table[(triple >> 3 * 6) & 0x3F]; encoded_data[j++] = base64_table[(triple >> 2 * 6) & 0x3F]; encoded_data[j++] = base64_table[(triple >> 1 * 6) & 0x3F]; encoded_data[j++] = base64_table[(triple >> 0 * 6) & 0x3F]; } // 添加填充字符 for (size_t i = 0; i < (*output_length - input_length % 3) % 3; i++) { encoded_data[*output_length - 1 - i] = '='; } encoded_data[*output_length] = '\0'; return encoded_data; } // Base64解码函数 unsigned char* base64_decode(const char *data, size_t input_length, size_t *output_length) { if (input_length % 4 != 0) { return NULL; } *output_length = input_length / 4 * 3; // 计算解码后字节数 if (data[input_length - 1] == '=') { (*output_length)--; } if (data[input_length - 2] == '=') { (*output_length)--; } unsigned char *decoded_data = malloc(*output_length + 1); // 分配内存 if (decoded_data == NULL) { return NULL; } // 解码 for (size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) { uint32_t sextet_a = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_decode_table[(int)data[i++]]; uint32_t sextet_b = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_decode_table[(int)data[i++]]; uint32_t sextet_c = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_decode_table[(int)data[i++]]; uint32_t sextet_d = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_decode_table[(int)data[i++]]; uint32_t triple = (sextet_a << 3 * 6) + (sextet_b << 2 * 6) + (sextet_c << 1 * 6) + (sextet_d << 0 * 6); if (j < *output_length) { decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 2 * 8) & 0xFF; } if (j < *output_length) { decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 1 * 8) & 0xFF; } if (j < *output_length) { decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 0 * 8) & 0xFF; } } decoded_data[*output_length] = '\0'; return decoded_data; } int main() { char *data = "Hello, world!"; size_t data_length = strlen(data); // 编码 size_t encoded_length; char *encoded_data = base64_encode((const unsigned char*)data, data_length, &encoded_length); printf("Base64 encoded data: %s\n", encoded_data); // 解码 size_t decoded_length; unsigned char *decoded_data = base64_decode(encoded_data, encoded_length, &decoded_length); printf("Base64 decoded data: %s\n", decoded_data); free(encoded_data); free(decoded_data); return 0; } ``` 上述代码中,`base64_encode`函数用于将二进制数据编码Base64字符串,`base64_decode`函数用于将Base64字符串解码为原始的二进制数据。在编码时,函数会将每3个字节的二进制数据转换为4个Base64字符,如果遇到不足3个字节的末尾数据,则会用`=`字符进行填充。在解码时,函数会将每4个Base64字符转换为3个字节的二进制数据,如果遇到末尾的`=`字符,则会忽略它们。
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