【收藏必备】LaTeX符号指令大全（Symbols & Command）

作者：小猪快跑

基础数学&计算数学，从事优化领域7年+，主要研究方向：MIP求解器、整数规划、随机规划、智能优化算法

如有错误，欢迎指正。如有更好的算法，也欢迎交流！！！——@小猪快跑

相关文献

• LaTeX:Symbols
• LaTeX:Commands

操作符（Operators）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\pm$	\pm	$\mp$	\mp	$\times$	\times
$÷$	\div	$\cdot$	\cdot	$\ast$	\ast
$\star$	\star	$†$	\dagger	$‡$	\ddagger
$⨿$	\amalg	$\cap$	\cap	$\cup$	\cup
$\uplus$	\uplus	$\sqcap$	\sqcap	$\bigsqcup$	\sqcup
$\vee$	\vee	$\wedge$	\wedge	$\oplus$	\oplus
$\ominus$	\ominus	$\otimes$	\otimes	$\circ$	\circ
$\bullet$	\bullet	$\diamond$	\diamond	$⊲$	\lhd
$⊳$	\rhd	$⊴$	\unlhd	$⊵$	\unrhd
$\oslash$	\oslash	$\odot$	\odot	$◯$	\bigcirc
$◃$	\triangleleft	$◊$	\Diamond	$△$	\bigtriangleup
$▽$	\bigtriangledown	$\square$	\Box	$▹$	\triangleright
$\setminus$	\setminus	$\wr$	\wr	$\sqrt{x}$	\sqrt{x}
$x^{\circ }$	x^{\circ}	$▽$	\triangledown	$\sqrt[n]{x}$	\sqrt[n]{x}
$a^x$	a^x	$a^{xyz}$	a^{xyz}	$a_x$	a_x

关系符（Relations）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\le$	\le	$\ge$	\ge	$\ne$	\neq
$\sim$	\sim	$\ll$	\ll	$\gg$	\gg
$\doteq$	\doteq	$\simeq$	\simeq	$\subset$	\subset
$\supset$	\supset	$\approx$	\approx	$\asymp$	\asymp
$\subseteq$	\subseteq	$\supseteq$	\supseteq	$\cong$	\cong
$⌣$	\smile	$⊏$	\sqsubset	$⊐$	\sqsupset
$\equiv$	\equiv	$⌢$	\frown	$⊑$	\sqsubseteq
$⊒$	\sqsupseteq	$\propto$	\propto	$\bowtie$	\bowtie
$\in$	\in	$\ni$	\ni	$\prec$	\prec
$\succ$	\succ	$⊢$	\vdash	$⊣$	\dashv
$⪯$	\preceq	$⪰$	\succeq	$\models$	\models
$\perp$	\perp	$\parallel$	\parallel
$\mid$	\mid	$\bumpeq$	\bumpeq

只要在符号前加上 “not”，或者在 “not ”和单词之间加一个 “n”，就可以构成这些关系中许多关系的否定。下面是几个例子，还有许多其他的否定关系；它也适用于许多其他关系。

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\nmid$	\nmid	$\nleqq$	\nleq	$\ngeqq$	\ngeq
$\nsim$	\nsim	$≆$	\ncong	$\nparallel$	\nparallel
$\nless$	\not<	$\ngtr$	\not>	$\ne$	\not= or \neq or \ne
$\nleqq$	\not\le	$\ngeqq$	\not\ge	$\nsim$	\not\sim
$\not\approx$	\not\approx	$\ncong$	\not\cong	$\not\equiv$	\not\equiv
$\nparallel$	\not\parallel	$\nless$	\nless	$\ngtr$	\ngtr
$⪇$	\lneq	$⪈$	\gneq	$⋦$	\lnsim
$\lneqq$	\lneqq	$\gneqq$	\gneqq

希腊字母（Greek Letters）

小写（Lowercase Letters）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\alpha$	\alpha	$\beta$	\beta	$\gamma$	\gamma	$\delta$	\delta
$ϵ$	\epsilon	$\epsilon$	\varepsilon	$\zeta$	\zeta	$\eta$	\eta
$\theta$	\theta	$\vartheta$	\vartheta	$\iota$	\iota	$\kappa$	\kappa
$\lambda$	\lambda	$\mu$	\mu	$\nu$	\nu	$\xi$	\xi
$\pi$	\pi	$\varpi$	\varpi	$\rho$	\rho	$\varrho$	\varrho
$\sigma$	\sigma	$\varsigma$	\varsigma	$\tau$	\tau	$\upsilon$	\upsilon
$\varphi$	\phi	$\phi$	\varphi	$\chi$	\chi	$\psi$	\psi
$\omega$	\omega

大写（Capital Letters）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\Gamma$	\Gamma	$\Delta$	\Delta	$\Theta$	\Theta	$\Lambda$	\Lambda
$\Xi$	\Xi	$\Pi$	\Pi	$\Sigma$	\Sigma	${\rm Y}$	\Upsilon
$\Phi$	\Phi	$\Psi$	\Psi	$\Omega$	\Omega

箭头（Arrows）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\leftarrow$	\gets	$\to$	\to
$\leftarrow$	\leftarrow	$\Leftarrow$	\Leftarrow
$\to$	\rightarrow	$\Rightarrow$	\Rightarrow
$\leftrightarrow$	\leftrightarrow	$\iff$	\Leftrightarrow
$\mapsto$	\mapsto	$\hookleftarrow$	\hookleftarrow
$\leftharpoonup$	\leftharpoonup	$\leftharpoondown$	\leftharpoondown
$\rightleftharpoons$	\rightleftharpoons	$⟵$	\longleftarrow
$⟸$	\Longleftarrow	$⟶$	\longrightarrow
$⟹$	\Longrightarrow	$⟷$	\longleftrightarrow
$⟺$	\Longleftrightarrow	$⟼$	\longmapsto
$\hookrightarrow$	\hookrightarrow	$\rightharpoonup$	\rightharpoonup
$\rightharpoondown$	\rightharpoondown	$⇝$	\leadsto
$\uparrow$	\uparrow	$\Uparrow$	\Uparrow
$\downarrow$	\downarrow	$\Downarrow$	\Downarrow
$\updownarrow$	\updownarrow	$\Updownarrow$	\Updownarrow
$\nearrow$	\nearrow	$\searrow$	\searrow
$\swarrow$	\swarrow	$\nwarrow$	\nwarrow
$\overrightarrow{AB}$	\overrightarrow{AB}	$\overleftarrow{AB}$	\overleftarrow{AB}
$\overleftrightarrow{AB}$	\overleftrightarrow{AB}

(对于那些讨厌输入长串字母的人，可以用 \iff 和 \implies 分别代替 \Longleftrightarrow 和 \Longrightarrow）。

点（Dots）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\cdot$	\cdot	$⋮$	\vdots
$\dots$	\dots	$\ddots$	\ddots
$\cdots$	\cdots		\iddots

上标（Accents）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\hat{x}$	\hat{x}	$\check{x}$	\check{x}	$\dot{x}$	\dot{x}
$\breve{x}$	\breve{x}	$\acute{x}$	\acute{x}	$\ddot{x}$	\ddot{x}
$\grave{x}$	\grave{x}	$\tilde{x}$	\tilde{x}	$\mathring{x}$	\mathring{x}
$\bar{x}$	\bar{x}	$\vec{x}$	\vec{x}

在 i 和 j 上使用重音时，可以使用 \imath 和 \jmath 来防止点干扰重音：

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\vec{ȷ}$	\vec{\jmath}	$\tilde{ı}$	\tilde{\imath}

\tilde 和 \hat 有很宽的版本，可以让你突出表达：

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\widehat{7+x}$	\widehat{7+x}	$\widetilde{abc}$	\widetilde{abc}

其他（Others）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\infty$	\infty	$△$	\triangle	$\angle$	\angle
$\aleph$	\aleph	$\hslash$	\hbar	$ı$	\imath
$ȷ$	\jmath	$\ell$	\ell	$\wp$	\wp
$\Re$	\Re	$\Im$	\Im	$\mho$	\mho
$\prime$	\prime	$\varnothing$	\emptyset	$\nabla$	\nabla
$\surd$	\surd	$\partial$	\partial	$\top$	\top
$\perp$	\bot	$⊢$	\vdash	$⊣$	\dashv
$\forall$	\forall	$\exists$	\exists	$\neg$	\neg
$♭$	\flat	$♮$	\natural	$♯$	\sharp
$\backslash$	\backslash	$\square$	\Box	$◊$	\Diamond
$♣$	\clubsuit	$♢$	\diamondsuit	$♡$	\heartsuit
$♠$	\spadesuit	$\bowtie$	\Join	$■$	\blacksquare
$♢$	\diamondsuit	$\mathbb{R}$	\mathbb{R}	$\text{LATEX}$	\LaTeX
$♡$	\heartsuit	$⟹$	\implies	$\cup$	\cup
$\S$	\S	$\P$	\P	$⊩$	\Vdash
$✓$	\checkmark	$\in$	\in	$\models$	\vDash
$★$	\bigstar	$\square$	\square

命令符（Command Symbols）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
	\textdollar or $	$\&$	&	$\%$	%	$\#$	#
$\_$	_	{ \{ {	{	$\}$	}	$\backslash$	\backslash

括号符号（Bracketing Symbols）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
{ \{ {	{	$\}$	}	$|$	|
$\backslash$	\backslash	$\lfloor$	\lfloor	$\rfloor$	\rfloor
$\lceil$	\lceil	$\rceil$	\rceil	$⟨$	\langle
$⟩$	\rangle

您可能会注意到，如果使用其中任何一个来排版垂直较大的表达式，比如

(\frac{a}{x} )^2

得到的表达式的括号的大小不对
$$(\frac{a}{x}{)}^2$$
如果我们把\left和\right放在相关的括号前，我们会得到一个更漂亮的表达式：
\left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2 会得到
$${\left(\frac{a}{x}\right)}^2$$

Symbol	Command
$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}{x}^2& \text{if }x\ge 0\\ x& \text{if }x<0\end{array}$	f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2 &\text{if } x \ge 0 \\ x &\text{if } x < 0 \end{cases}
$\lceil \frac{x}{y}\rceil$	\left\lceil\frac{x}{y}\right\rceil
$\lfloor \frac{x}{y}\rfloor$	\left\lfloor\frac{x}{y}\right\rfloor
$\underset{x}{\underbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots +a_n}}$	\underbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}_{x}
$\stackrel{x}{\overbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots +a_n}}$	\overbrace{a_0+a_1+a_2+\cdots+a_n}^{x}

\left和\right也可以用来调整下列符号的大小：

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\uparrow$	\uparrow	$\downarrow$	\downarrow	$\updownarrow$	\updownarrow
$\Uparrow$	\Uparrow	$\Downarrow$	\Downarrow	$\Updownarrow$	\Updownarrow

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\sum \sum$	\sum	$\int \int$	\int	$\oint \oint$	\oint
$\prod \prod$	\prod	$\coprod \coprod$	\coprod	$\bigcap \bigcap$	\bigcap
$\bigcup \bigcup$	\bigcup	$⨆⨆$	\bigsqcup	$\bigvee \bigvee$	\bigvee
$\bigwedge \bigwedge$	\bigwedge	$⨀⨀$	\bigodot	$⨂⨂$	\bigotimes
$⨁⨁$	\bigoplus	$⨄⨄$	\biguplus

下标和上标（Subscripts and Superscripts）

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$2^2$	2^2	$a_i$	a_i
$2^{23}$	2^{23}	$n_{i-1}$	n_{i-1}
$a_3^{i+1}$	a^{i+1}_3	$x^{3^2}$	x{32}
$2^{a_i}$	2^{a_i}	$2_i^a$	2^a_i

数学指令（Math Commands）

分数（Fractions）

Symbol	Command
$\frac{1}{2}$	\frac{1}{2} or \frac12
$\frac{2}{x+2}$	\frac{2}{x+2}
$\frac{1+\frac{1}{x}}{3x+2}$	\frac{1+\frac{1}{x}}{3x + 2}

Expression	Command
$\frac{2}{1+\frac{2}{1+\frac{2}{1+\frac{2}{1}}}}$	\cfrac{2}{1+\cfrac{2}{1+\cfrac{2}{1+\cfrac{2}{1}}}}

根号（Radicals）

Symbol	Command
$\sqrt{3}$	\sqrt{3}
$\sqrt{x+y}$	\sqrt{x+y}
$\sqrt{x+\frac{1}{2}}$	\sqrt{x+\frac{1}{2}}
$\sqrt[3]{3}$	\sqrt[3]{3}
$\sqrt[n]{x}$	\sqrt[n]{x}

求和等符号（Sums, Products, Limits and Logarithms）

Symbol	Command
${\sum }_{i=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{i}$	\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{i}
${\prod }_{n=1}^5\frac{n}{n-1}$	\prod_{n=1}^5\frac{n}{n-1}
${\lim }_{x\to \infty }\frac{1}{x}$	\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{1}{x}
$\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{1}{x}$	\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}\frac{1}{x}
${\log }_n{n}^2$	\log_n n^2

Some of these are prettier in display mode:

Symbol	Command
$\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{i}$	\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{i}
$\prod _{n=1}^5\frac{n}{n-1}$	\displaystyle\prod_{n=1}^5\frac{n}{n-1}
$\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{1}{x}$	\displaystyle\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{1}{x}

Note that we can use sums, products, and logarithms without _ or ^ modifiers.

Symbol	Command
$\sum \frac{1}{i}$	\sum\frac{1}{i}
$\prod \frac{n}{n-1}$	\prod\frac{n}{n-1}
$\log n^2$	\log n^2
$\ln e$	\ln e

模（Mods）

Symbol	Command
$9\equiv 3\mathrm{mod}6$	9\equiv 3 \bmod{6}
$9\equiv 3(\mathrm{mod}6)$	9\equiv 3 \pmod{6}
$9\equiv 3\mathrm{mod}6$	9\equiv 3 \mod{6}
$9\equiv 3(6)$	9\equiv 3 \pod{6}

组合（Combinations）

Symbol	Command
$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{1}{1}\right)$	\binom{1}{1}
$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n-1}{r-1}\right)$	\binom{n-1}{r-1}

These often look better in display mode:

Symbol	Command
$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{9}{3}\right)$	\dbinom{9}{3}
$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n-1}{r-1}\right)$	\dbinom{n-1}{r-1}

三角函数（Trigonometric Functions）

Most of these are just the abbreviation of the trigonometric function with simply a backslash added before the abbreviation.

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\cos$	\cos	$\sin$	\sin	$\tan$	\tan
$\sec$	\sec	$\csc$	\csc	$\cot$	\cot
$\arccos$	\arccos	$\arcsin$	\arcsin	$\arctan$	\arctan
$\cosh$	\cosh	$\sinh$	\sinh	$\tanh$	\tanh
$\coth$	\coth

Here are a couple examples:

Symbol	Command
${\cos }^{2}x+{\sin }^{2}x=1$	\cos^2 x +\sin^2 x = 1
$\cos 90^{\circ }=0$	\cos 90^\circ = 0

微分积分（Calculus）

Below are examples of calculus expressions rendered in LaTeX. Most of these commands have been introduced before. Notice how definite integrals are rendered (and the difference between inline math and display mode for definite integrals). The , in the integrals makes a small space before the dx.

Symbol	Command
$\frac{d}{dx}\left(x^2\right)=2x$	\frac{d}{dx}\left(x^2\right) = 2x
$\int 2xdx=x^2+C$	\int 2x,dx = x^2+C
${\int }_1^{5}2xdx=24$	\int^5_1 2x,dx = 24
$\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial y^2}$	\frac{\partial^2U}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2U}{\partial y^2}
$\frac{1}{4\pi }{\oint }_{\Sigma }\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial U}{\partial n}ds$	\frac{1}{4\pi}\oint_\Sigma\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial U}{\partial n} ds

LaTeX

Other Functions

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
$\arg$	\arg	$\mathrm{deg}$	\deg	$\det$	\det
$\dim$	\dim	$\exp$	\exp	$\gcd$	\gcd
$\mathrm{hom}$	\hom	$\inf$	\inf	$\ker$	\ker
$\lg$	\lg	$\mathrm{liminf}$	\liminf	$\mathrm{limsup}$	\limsup
$\max$	\max	$\min$	\min	$\mathrm{Pr}$	\Pr
$\sup$	\sup

Some of these commands take subscripts in the same way sums, products, and logarithms do. Some render differently in display mode and inline math mode.

Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command	Symbol	Command
${\dim }_x$	\dim_x	${\gcd }_x$	\gcd_x	${\inf }_x$	\inf_x
${\mathrm{liminf}}_x$	\liminf_x	${\mathrm{limsup}}_x$	\limsup_x	${\max }_x$	\max_x
${\min }_x$	\min_x	${\mathrm{Pr}}_x$	\Pr_x	${\sup }_x$	\sup_x

矩阵（Matrices and Arrays）

We can typeset a matrix with the matrix, bmatrix, pmatrix, or vmatrix environments. The letters b, p, and v refer to the delimiters around the matrix (brackets, parentheses, and vertical bars, respectively). For example, the following code

\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 2 & 3 \\
4 & 5 & 6 \\
\end{bmatrix}

$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 3\\ 4& 5& 6\end{array}\right]$$

\begin{array}{ccc}
a & b & c \\
d & e & f \\
g & h & i 
\end{array}

$$\begin{array}{ccc}a& b& c\\ d& e& f\\ g& h& i\end{array}$$

Text Styles in Math Mode

$$n^2 + 5 = 30\text{ so we have }n=\pm5$$

$$n^2+5=30\text{ so we have }n=\pm 5$$

How to Build Your Own Commands

\newcommand{name of new command}[number of arguments]{definition}