Rust学习第十天——实例：接受命令行参数

接受命令行参数

use std::env;  // collect


fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();

    // env::args_os()  // OsString
    println!("{:?}", args);

    let quiery = &args[1];
    let filename = &args[2];

    println!("Search for {}", quiery);
    println!("In file {}", filename);
}

读取文件

poem.txt

I'm nobody! Who are you?
Are you nobody, too.
Then there's a pair of us - don't tell!
They'd banish us, you know.

How dreary to be somebody!
How public, like a frog
To tell your name the livelong day
To an admiring bog!

use std::env;  // collect
use std::fs;

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();

    // env::args_os()  // OsString
    println!("{:?}", args);

    let quiery = &args[1];
    let filename = &args[2];

    println!("Search for {}", quiery);
    println!("In file {}", filename);
    
    
    // 读取文件
    let contents = fs::read_to_string(filename)
        .expect("Something went wrong reading the file.");
    // 打印内容
    println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
}

重构：改进模块和错误处理

二进制程序关注点分离的指导性原则

• 将程序拆分为main.rs和lib.rs，将业务逻辑放入lib.rs

• 当命令行解析逻辑较少时，将它放在main.rs也行

• 当命令行解析逻辑变复杂时，需要将它从main.rs提取到lib.rs

经过上述拆分，留在main的功能有：

• 使用参数值调用命令行解析逻辑

• 进行其他配置

• 调用lib.rs中的run函数

• 处理run函数可能出现的错误

use std::env;  // collect
use std::fs;

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();

    // env::args_os()  // OsString
    println!("{:?}", args);

    let config = Config::new(&args);

    // 读取文件
    let contents = fs::read_to_string(config.filename)
        .expect("Something went wrong reading the file.");
    // 打印内容
    println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
}

struct Config {
    query: String,
    filename: String,
}

impl Config {
    fn new(args: &[String]) -> Config {
        let query = args[1].clone();
        let filename = args[2].clone();

        Config { query, filename }
    }
}

错误处理

use std::env;  // collect
use std::fs;
use std::process;

fn main() {
    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();

    // env::args_os()  // OsString
    println!("{:?}", args);

    let config = Config::new(&args).unwrap_or_else( |err| {
        println!("Problem parsing arguments: {}", err);
        process::exit(1);
    });

    // 读取文件
    let contents = fs::read_to_string(config.filename)
        .expect("Something went wrong reading the file.");
    // 打印内容
    println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
}

struct Config {
    query: String,
    filename: String,
}

impl Config {
    fn new(args: &[String]) -> Result<Config, &'static str> {
        if args.len() < 3 {
            return Err("not enough arguments");
        }
        let query = args[1].clone();
        let filename = args[2].clone();

        Ok(Config { query, filename })
    }
}

将配置挪到lib.rs，注意添加pub

lib.rs（与main.rs 同级目录下）

use std::error::Error;
// collect
use std::fs;


// 读取文件
pub fn run(config: Config) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>{
    // 读取文件
    let contents = fs::read_to_string(config.filename)?;
    // 打印内容
    println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
    Ok(())
}

pub struct Config {
    pub query: String,
    pub filename: String,
}

impl Config {
    pub fn new(args: &[String]) -> Result<Config, &'static str> {
        if args.len() < 3 {
            return Err("not enough arguments");
        }
        let query = args[1].clone();
        let filename = args[2].clone();

        Ok(Config { query, filename })
    }
}

使用TDD（测试驱动开发）开发库功能

TDD(Test-Driven Development)

• 编写一个会失败的测试，运行该测试，确保它是按照预期的原因失败

• 编写或修改刚好足够的代码，让测试通过

• 重构刚刚添加或修改的代码，确保测试会始终通过

• 返回步骤1，继续

继续在lib.rs添加测试

use std::error::Error;
// collect
use std::fs;


// 读取文件
pub fn run(config: Config) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>{
    // 读取文件
    let contents = fs::read_to_string(config.filename)?;
    for line in search(&config.query, &contents) {
        println!("{}", line);
    }
    // 打印内容
    println!("With text:\n{}", contents);
    Ok(())
}

pub struct Config {
    pub query: String,
    pub filename: String,
}

impl Config {
    pub fn new(args: &[String]) -> Result<Config, &'static str> {
        if args.len() < 3 {
            return Err("not enough arguments");
        }
        let query = args[1].clone();
        let filename = args[2].clone();

        Ok(Config { query, filename })
    }
}

pub fn search<'a>(query: &str, contents: &'a str) -> Vec<&'a str> {
    let mut results = Vec::new();

    for line in contents.lines() {
        if line.contains(query) {
            results.push(line);
        }
    }

    results
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn one_result() {
        let query = "duct";
        let contents = "\
        Rust:\n \
        safe, fast, productive.\n \
        Pick three.";

        assert_eq!(vec![" safe, fast, productive."],
        search(query, contents))
    }
}

cargo test

cargo run body poem.txt

使用环境变量

设置环境变量

impl Config {
    pub fn new(args: &[String]) -> Result<Config, &'static str> {
        if args.len() < 3 {
            return Err("not enough arguments");
        }
        let query = args[1].clone();
        let filename = args[2].clone();
        let case_sensitive = env::var("CASE_INSENSITIVE").is_ok();
        Ok(Config { query, filename, case_sensitive })
    }
}

在命令行（Windows）输入：

set CASE_INSENSITIVE=1 | cargo run to poem.txt

得到结果：

将错误消息写入标准错误而不是标准输出

标准输出vs标准错误

• 标准输出：stdout

• println!

不带参数输出至output.txt

cargo run > output.txt

• 标准错误：stderr

• eprintln!

带参数输出至output.txt

cargo run to poem.txt > output.txt

总结

好像回想起自己为什么学这个了——为了把自己错误的代码习惯在毕业前彻头彻尾的改一下，形成自己的代码思维！