Internet media type

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-20 10:08:11 发布

yuanfang_way

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-20 10:08:11 发布

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分类专栏： web 文章标签： html MIME media-type form-data

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1. 背景

1.1 media type简介

Internet media type，最初被称为MIME type，是Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension的简写，它将非ASCII码的信息进行重构以便能够通过互联网传播，比如图像、音频、视频等文件，现在很多邮箱的客户端都开始支持MIME协议了。同样，浏览器也支持MIME，所以我们可以上网浏览视频、图片等非HTML 结构的数据。1
一个media type包含至少两方面，type、subtype以及一些可选的参数。比如，text子类型会有一个指定字节编码的参数，multipart子类型在两个parts之间会定义个界限。

1.2 media type类型

下面列出一些注册的media的类型，后面的章节会介绍子类型和字节编码：
- Type application: Multipurpose files
- Type audio: Audio
- Type image
- Type message
- Type model: 3D models
- Type multipart: Archives and other objects made of more than one part
- Type text: Human-readable text and source code
- Type video: Video
- Type vnd: Vendor Specific Files
- Type x: Non-standard files
- Type x-pkcs: PKCS standard files

2. 常用类型的子类型

这里列出三个现在比较常用的类型的子类型：
1. Type application: Multipurpose files
- application/EDI-X12: EDI X12 data; Defined in RFC 1767
- application/EDIFACT: EDI EDIFACT data; Defined in RFC 1767
- application/json: JavaScript Object Notation JSON; Defined in RFC 4627
- application/javascript: JavaScript; Defined in RFC 4329 but not accepted in IE 8 or earlier
- application/octet-stream: Arbitrary binary data.
- application/ogg: Ogg, a multimedia bitstream container format; Defined in RFC 5334
- application/pdf: Portable Document Format
- application/postscript: PostScript; Defined in RFC 2046
- application/soap+xml: SOAP; Defined by RFC 3902
- application/xhtml+xml: XHTML; Defined by RFC 3236
- application/xml-dtd: DTD files; Defined by RFC 3023
- application/zip: ZIP archive files
2. Type multipart: Archives and other objects made of more than one part
- multipart/mixed: MIME E-mail; Defined in RFC 2045 and RFC 2046
- multipart/alternative: MIME E-mail; Defined in RFC 2045 and RFC 2046
- multipart/related: MIME E-mail; Defined in RFC 2387 and used by MHTML (HTML mail)
- multipart/form-data: MIME Webform; Defined in RFC 2388
- multipart/signed: Defined in RFC 1847
- multipart/encrypted: Defined in RFC 1847
3. Type text: Human-readable text and source code
- text/cmd: commands; subtype resident in Gecko browsers like FireFox 3.5
- text/css: Cascading Style Sheets; Defined in RFC 2318
- text/csv: Comma-separated values; Defined in RFC 4180
- text/html: HTML; Defined in RFC 2854
- text/javascript (Obsolete): JavaScript
- text/plain: Textual data; Defined in RFC 2046 and RFC 3676
- text/xml: Extensible Markup Language; Defined in RFC 3023
其中，HTML forms提供三种编码方法，如下所示，application/x-www-form-urlencoded更像是一个添加在URL后端的一个询问字符串；multipart/form-data更加复杂，但是允许在数据中包含整个文件；text/plain在HTML5中引入的，一般只用于debugging。总之，当一个表单中包含文件上传时用multipart/form-data，否则用默认的application/x-www-form-urlencoded，本文会对这几种类型分别作出叙述。
1. application/x-www-form-urlencoded (the default)
2. multipart/form-data
3. text/plain