设计模式：State--状态模式

状态模式

核心思想就是：当对象的状态改变时，同时改变其行为，很好理解！就拿QQ来说，有几种状态，在线、隐身、忙碌等，每个状态对应不同的操作，而且你的好友也能看到你的状态，所以，状态模式就两点：

1、可以通过改变状态来获得不同的行为。

2、你的好友能同时看到你的变化。看图：

State类是个状态类，Context类可以实现切换，我们来看看代码： 

实例代码一：

public class State {

    private  String value;

    public State() {
    }

    public State(String value) {
        this.value = value;
    }

    public String getValue() {
        return value;
    }

    public void setValue(String value) {
        this.value = value;
    }

    public void method1(){
        System.out.println("execute the first opt!");
    }

    public void method2(){
        System.out.println("execute the second opt!");
    }

}

****************************************************

public class Context {

    private State state;

    public Context(State state) {
        this.state = state;
    }

    public State getState() {
        return state;
    }

    public void setState(State state) {
        this.state = state;
    }

    public void method() {
        if(state.getValue().equals("state1")) {
            state.method1();
        }else if(state.getValue().equals("state2")) {
            state.method2();
        }
    }
}


********************************************************

/**
 * 状态模式state
 * 根据这个特性，状态模式在日常开发中用的挺多的，尤其是做网站的时候，我们有时希望根据对象的某一属性，区别开他们的一些功能，比如说简单的权限控制等。
 */

public class MainClass {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        State state = new State();

        Context context = new Context(state);
        state.setValue("state1");
        context.method();

        System.out.println("*********************************");

        state.setValue("state2");
        context.method();

    }
}


***********************
测试结果：
execute the first opt!
*********************************
execute the second opt!

实例代码二：

public abstract class State {

    public abstract void doSomething(Person person);
}


*************************************************************

public class MState extends State{
    @Override
    public void doSomething(Person person) {
        if(person.getHour() == 7) {
            System.out.println("吃早餐");
        }else {
            person.setState(new LState());
            person.doSomething();
        }

    }
}

*************************************************************

public class LState extends State {
    @Override
    public void doSomething(Person person) {

        if(person.getHour() == 12) {
            System.out.println("吃午餐");
        }else {
            person.setState(new SState());
            person.doSomething();
        }
    }
}


*************************************************************
public class SState extends  State {
    @Override
    public void doSomething(Person person) {

        if(person.getHour() == 18) {
            System.out.println("吃晚餐");
        }else {
            person.setState(new NoState());
            person.doSomething();
        }
    }
}




*************************************************************


public class NoState extends State {
    @Override
    public void doSomething(Person person) {
        System.out.println(person.getHour()+"未定义");
    }
}



*************************************************************

public class Person {

    private int hour;

    private State state;

    public State getState() {
        return state;
    }

    public void setState(State state) {
        this.state = state;
    }

    public Person(int hour) {
        this.hour = hour;
    }

    public Person() {
        state = new MState();
    }

    public int getHour() {
        return hour;
    }

    public void setHour(int hour) {
        this.hour = hour;
    }

    public void doSomething() {
//        if(hour==7) {
//            State state = new MState();
//            state.doSomething();
//        }else if(hour==12) {
//            State state = new LState();
//            state.doSomething();
//        }else if(hour==18) {
//            State state = new SState();
//            state.doSomething();
//        }else {
//            State state = new NoState();
//            state.doSomething();
//        }
        state.doSomething(this);
        state = new MState();



    }
}



*************************************************************

public class MainClass {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Person person  = new Person();

        person.setHour(7);
        person.doSomething();

        person.setHour(12);
        person.doSomething();

        person.setHour(18);
        person.doSomething();

        person.setHour(8);
        person.doSomething();

        person.setHour(7);
        person.doSomething();

    }
}


*****************************************
测试结果：
吃早餐
吃午餐
吃晚餐
8未定义
吃早餐

# 事例 

 

GumballMachine

@Data
public class GumballMachine {
    private State state;
    private int count;

    public State soldOutState;
    public State noQuarterState;
    public State hasQuarterState;
    public State soldState;

    public GumballMachine(int count) {
        soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
        noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
        hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
        soldState = new SoldState(this);
        this.count = count;
        if (count > 0) {
            state = noQuarterState;
        }
    }
    // 投入硬币
    public void insertQuarter() {
        state.insertQuarter();
    }
    // 吐出硬币
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        state.ejectQuarter();
    }
    // 转动曲轴，发放奖品
    public void turnCrank() {
        state.turnCrank();
        state.dispense();
    }

    void releaseBall(){
        System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot...");
        if(count != 0){
            count--;
        }
    }
}

State接口 

public interface State {
    /**投币*/
    void insertQuarter();
    /**退币*/
    void ejectQuarter();
    /**转动曲轴*/
    void turnCrank();
    /**发放奖品*/
    void dispense();
}

四个状态

public class HasQuarterState implements State {

    private GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("HasQuarterState--->已经有硬币，不需要投硬币You had inserted quarter into gumballMachine");
    }

    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Quarter returned");
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
    }

    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turned...");
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldState());
    }

    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("HasQuarterState--->No gumball dispensed 没有奖品");
    }
}

/**
 * @auhtor
 * @create 2023-07-25-9:56
 *  无硬币状态
 */
public class NoQuarterState implements State{


    private GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Quarter insert");
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getHasQuarterState());
    }

    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("NoQuarterState--->没硬币，不可退硬币You haven't inserted a quarter");
    }

    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("NoQuarterState-->没硬币，不可转动曲轴You turned, but there's no quarter");
    }

    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("NoQuarterState-->No gumball dispensed 没有奖品You need to pay firs");
    }
}

/**
 * @auhtor
 * @create 2023-07-25-9:56
 * 售罄状态
 */
public class SoldOutState implements State{

    private GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("SoldOutState--->售罄，不可投入硬币The gumball is sold out");
    }

    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("SoldOutState--->售罄，不可退硬币You haven't insert a quarter");
    }

    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("SoldOutState--->售罄，不可转动曲轴Gumball is sold out");
    }

    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("SoldOutState--->售罄，没有奖品No gumball to dispense");
    }
}

/**
 * @auhtor
 * @create 2023-07-25-9:57
 * 可售状态
 */
public class SoldState implements State{

    private GumballMachine gumballMachine;

    public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }

    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("SoldState--->已经有硬币，不需要投硬币Please wait a moment,we will dispense a gumball");
    }

    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("SoldState--->不可退硬币 Sorry,you already turned a quarter");
    }

    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("SoldState--->Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball");
    }

     @Override
    public void dispense() {
        gumballMachine.releaseBall();
        if(gumballMachine.getCount() == 0) {
            System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs!");
            System.out.println("-----------------------------------------------------");
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
        }
        else {
            System.out.println("恭喜中奖");
            System.out.println("-----------------------------------------------------");
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
        }
    }
}

测试

public class MainClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GumballMachine gumballMachine = new GumballMachine(5);
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
            gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        }
    }
}

Quarter insert
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
恭喜中奖
-----------------------------------------------------
Quarter insert
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
恭喜中奖
-----------------------------------------------------
Quarter insert
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
恭喜中奖
-----------------------------------------------------
Quarter insert
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
恭喜中奖
-----------------------------------------------------
Quarter insert
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
Oops, out of gumballs!
-----------------------------------------------------
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException: SoldOutState--->售罄，不可投入硬币The gumball is sold out
	at StateAppro.SoldOutState.insertQuarter(SoldOutState.java:18)