Chapter 5. Implementations
Item 29 - 31
条款29:Strive for exception-safe code
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Exception safety的两个条件:
1) Leak no resources:new失败将导致unlock不会执行,mutex就不会被释放。解决之道:借助13、14款的思想,用资源管理类实现对mutex和bgImage的管理。
2) Don't allow data structures to become corrupted:new失败,则bgImage指向已删除对象,imageChanges已累加。异常的主要特点是它的不确定性,这也正是其危险性所在。
Scott给出exception-safe functions可以提供的三个保证:
1) Basic guarantee:用适当的方法代替异常。we could write changeBackground so that if an exception were thrown, the PrettyMenu object might continue to have the old background image, or it might have some default background image, but clients wouldn't be able to predict which.
2) strong guarantee:如果失败则回到调用前状态。通过copy and swap可以实现,实现原则:Make a copy of the object you want to modify, then make all needed changes to the copy. If any of the modifying operations throws an exception, the original object remains unchanged. After all the changes have been successfully completed, swap the modified object with the original in a non-throwing operation. 这种手法被称为pimpl idiom,思想有点类似于双缓冲绘图:
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3) Nothrow guarantee:内置类型可以提供nothrow保证。
条款30:Understand the ins and outs of inlining
inline函数没有the cost of a function call,然而there is no free lunch,inline会造成程序体积增加,可能导致额外换页,降低cahce命中率,从而造成效率降低。另外,inline is a request to compilers, not a command. The request can be given implicitly or explicitly. 那些contain loops or are recursive的函数不会被inline,virtual functions也不会被inline,通过函数指针调用的函数也不会被inline,最后,因为有支“看不见的手”在摆布缺省constructors和destructors,这将影响它们的inline。
如果一个函数被compiler以inline实现,该函数一旦被修改,所有使用它的文件都要重新编译。
80-20 rule: a typical program spends 80% of its time executing only 20% of its code.
条款31:Minimize compilation dependencies between files
我在大多数时间写下这样的代码:
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当Date或Address甚至它们所包含的头文件中有任何改变,不仅它们要被重新编译,就连含person的所有头文件也要重新编译。使用前置声明来解决这个问题:
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GoF倡导的两大原则之一:针对接口编程,而不是针对实现编程。将实现独立出来,就是pimpl(pointer to implementation) idiom:
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1) Avoid using objects when object references and pointers will do.
2) Depend on class declarations instead of class definitions whenever you can.
3) Provide separate header files for declarations and definitions.
用“声明的依存性”代替“定义的依存性”是编译依存性最小化的本质,上述方法中,Person被称为Handle class。Handle classes的成员函数通过pimpl取得数据,增加了一次间接访问,而且pimpl也必须在Handle classes的constructors中初始化。
将实现与接口独立,GoF给出了创建类的一个模式Factory Method,被Scott称为Interface class,这样的抽象类只有virtual destructor和pure virtual functions作为接口。Interface classes也有一次indirect jump cost和一个vptr。
看完这一章之后,我的一个感觉就是:作为一个程序员,你可以很快地学会一门语言的语法,并写出可以顺利通过编译的程序。但要写出真正优质的代码,不仅仅要掌握语法,还要掌握如何借语言完美地表达需求。唯一的出路在于忘记语法,我现在仅仅是能够理解语法,理解地很僵硬、很教条,还不能忘记语法。
有时想写点感想,觉得会相当力不从心,还是没有深刻体会吧。