spring注解@Configuration

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-23 21:48:00 发布

maercecd

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-23 21:48:00 发布

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分类专栏： Java spring 文章标签： spring

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@Configuration的作用

@Configuration用于定义配置类，可替换xml配置文件，被注解的类内部包含有一个或多个被@Bean注解的方法，这些方法将会被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext类进行扫描，并用于构建bean定义，初始化Spring容器。

一、@Configuation加载Spring方法

1. @Configuration配置spring并启动spring容器

@Configuration标注在类上，相当于把该类作为spring的xml配置文件中的<beans>，作用为：配置spring容器(应用上下文)。

package com.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化");
    }
}

相当于：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"  
    xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
    xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false">


</beans>

测试：

package com.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式，用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件：
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
    }
}

输出：

TestConfiguration容器启动初始化

2.@Configuration启动容器+@Bean注册Bean，@Bean下管理bean的生命周期

@Bean标注在方法上(返回某个实例的方法)，等价于spring的xml配置文件中的<bean>，作用为：注册bean对象。

bean类：

package com.configuration;

public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void say() {
        System.out.println("TestBean say");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 初始化");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 销毁");
    }
}

配置类：

package com.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;

@Configuration
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化");
    }

    // @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
    // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
}

测试：

package com.configuration;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式，用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件：
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
        
         //获取bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.say();
    }
}

结果：

TestConfiguration容器启动初始化
TestBean say

需要注意的点：
(1)、@Bean注解在返回实例的方法上，如果未通过@Bean指定bean的名称，则默认与标注的方法名相同；
(2)、@Bean注解默认作用域为单例singleton作用域，可通过@Scope(“prototype”)设置为原型作用域；
(3)、既然@Bean的作用是注册bean对象，那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注册bean，同时需要配置@ComponentScan注解进行自动扫描。

@Bean的属性：

@Bean 支持两种属性，即 initMethod 和destroyMethod，这些属性可用于定义生命周期方法。在实例化 bean 或即将销毁它时，容器便可调用生命周期方法。生命周期方法也称为回调方法，因为它将由容器调用。使用 @Bean 注释注册的 bean 也支持 @PostConstruct 和 @PreDestroy 注解。

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
    }

    //@Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
    @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }
}

测试：

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
        System.out.println(tb);
        
        TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb2.sayHello();
        System.out.println(tb2);
    }
}

结果：

TestConfiguration容器启动初始化
TestBean 初始化  // 说明initMethod生效
TestBean say
com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean@138615f  // 说明@Scope("prototype")生效
TestBean 初始化
TestBean say
com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean@638254d  // 说明@Scope("prototype")生效

3. @Configuration启动容器+@Component注册Bean

bean类：

@Component
public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 初始化");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean 销毁");
    }
}

配置类：

@Configuration
//添加自动扫描注解，basePackages为TestBean包路径
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.configuration")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化");
    }

    /*// @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
    // @Bean(name="testNean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public TestBean testBean() {
        return new TestBean();
    }*/
}

@Configuation总结：

@Configuation等价于<Beans></Beans>

@Bean等价于<Bean></Bean>

@ComponentScan等价于<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>

二、组合多个配置类

1. 在@configuration中引入spring的xml配置文件

@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext.xml")
public class WebConfig {
}

bean类：

public class TestBean2 {
    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 say");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "TestBean2 username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 初始化");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean2 销毁");
    }
}

测试类：

public class TestMain2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式，用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);

        // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件：
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        // 获取bean
        TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

结果：

TestBean2 say

2.在@configuration中引入其它注解配置

@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
@Import(TestConfiguration.class)
public class WebConfig {
}

测试类：

public class TestMain2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式，用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);

        // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件：
        // ApplicationContext context = new
        // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");

        // 获取bean
        TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
        tb2.sayHello();
        
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
    }
}

结果：

TestConfiguration容器启动初始化
TestBean2 say
TestBean say

3.@configuration嵌套（嵌套的Configuration必须是静态类）

通过配置类嵌套的配置类，达到组合多个配置类的目的。但注意内部类必须是静态类。

@Component
public class TestBean {

    private String username;
    private String url;
    private String password;

    public void sayHello() {
        System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
    }

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("TestBean start");
    }

    public void cleanUp() {
        System.out.println("TestBean destory");
    }
}

public class DataSource {

    private String dbUser;
    private String dbPass;
    public String getDbUser() {
        return dbUser;
    }
    public void setDbUser(String dbUser) {
        this.dbUser = dbUser;
    }
    public String getDbPass() {
        return dbPass;
    }
    public void setDbPass(String dbPass) {
        this.dbPass = dbPass;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "DataSource [dbUser=" + dbUser + ", dbPass=" + dbPass + "]";
    }
}

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration3")
public class TestConfiguration {
    public TestConfiguration() {
        System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
    }
    
    @Configuration
    static class DatabaseConfig {    // 该类为嵌套的配置类，必须是static静态的
        @Bean
        DataSource dataSource() {
            return new DataSource();
        }
    }
}

测试：

public class TestMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式，用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContexts
        ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);

         //bean
        TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
        tb.sayHello();
        
        DataSource ds = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource");
        System.out.println(ds);
    }
}

结果：

TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。
TestBean sayHello...
DataSource [dbUser=null, dbPass=null]

maercecd

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spring注解@Configuration

@Configuration的作用@Configuration用于定义配置类，可替换xml配置文件，被注解的类内部包含有一个或多个被@Bean注解的方法，这些方法将会被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext类进行扫描，并用于构建bean定义，初始化Spring容器。一、@Conf...
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