作者 :Yuppie001
作者主页 : 传送
本文专栏 :密码学篇
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注意,本文在后面破译密码的时候数据不准确,但不影响整体思路和阅读(作者太懒不想改了)
一.替换密码
替换密码是一种古老的加密方式,它通过打乱字母表中的字母顺序来实现加密。例如,a可能被替换为C,h可能被替换为B。这种方法将26个字母一一对应到新的字母,从而改变文本的原始信息。
例如:
abc将被加密为WYH
二.解密
1.暴力破解
凯撒密码在同类型的替换密码中非常容易被暴力破解。由于凯撒密码仅通过固定的位移量进行加密,已知这种加密方式的情况下,只需要穷举最多25种可能的偏移量,就能轻松破解密文。但是利用单字母表的替换密码很难通过暴力破解进行破译。
在单字母表的替换密码中,每个字母都可以对应其他25个任意字母,因此密钥的可能数量等于26的阶乘(26!)。这个数据是403,291,461,126,605,635,584,000,000
2.频率分析
因为这种加密方式简单易懂,但由于其固定的替换规则,安全性较低,所以容易受到频率分析等攻击。
这里给出一段密文带大家手把手实操一次
(这里为了给大家降低难度,所以将单词进行了分割)
Vqfcb ycm c dncwvkhwt fcb. Vln mwz ycm mlkzkzj, czf vln mab ycm ptncu. K fnpkfnf vq vcan cycta kz vln rcua. Vlnvunnm ynun twml, czf vln dunngn ycm jnzvtn. Kv ycm c rnuhnpv fcb vquntcoczf nzxqb vln rncpn czf iwknv.
首先,我们来统计一下这段密文中每个字母出现的频率。 也就是说,我们要数一下每个字母各出现了多少次。
字母 | 次数 |
---|---|
a | 8 |
b | 3 |
c | 12 |
d | 2 |
e | 2 |
f | 9 |
g | 1 |
h | 1 |
i | 3 |
j | 1 |
k | 4 |
l | 9 |
m | 7 |
n | 10 |
o | 1 |
p | 3 |
q | 5 |
r | 7 |
s | 1 |
t | 9 |
u | 7 |
v | 9 |
w | 3 |
x | 1 |
y | 3 |
z | 1 |
在英文文章中同样也会有每个字母出现的频率,大概的排名如下:
- E, T, A, O, I, N, S, H, R, D, L, C, U, M, W, F, G, Y, P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, Z
结合字母频率,首先我们可以假设:
- c 可能对应 E
此时将c全部替换为E:
vqfEb yEm E dnEwvkhwt fEb. vln mwz yEm mlkzkzj, Ezf vln mab yEm ptnEu. k fnpkfnf vq vEan EyEta kz vln rEua. vlnvunnm ynun twml, Ezf vln dunngn yEm jnzvtn. kv yEm E rnuhnpv fEbvq untEo Ezf nzxqb vln rnEpn Ezf iwknv..
很明显,我们发现Vln在替换后的文本中大量出现,但是在英语中有明显的单词与 Vln 相符,观察其位置发现,它全部位于句中和句首。
3个字母,出现频率还高,始终在剧中和句末,很明显,这个单词是THE
那么就可以判断
- V对应T
- l对应H
- N对应E
我们将他们进行替换:
TqfEb yEm E dEEwTkhwt fEb. THE mwz yEm mHkzkzj, Ezf THE mab yEm ptEEu. k fEpkfEf Tq TEaE EyEta kz THE rEua. THETuEEm yEuE twmH, Ezf THE duEEgE yEm jEzTtE. kT yEm E rEuhEpT fEbTq uEtEo Ezf Ezxqb THE rEEpE Ezf iwkET.
观察发现e单独出现,能单独出现在短文中的一个字母只有i和a,且这里位于句中,所以e对应a,但由于我们之前将c替换为了e,所以c不对应 e,c一定对应a,
所以我们得到:
Tqfab yam a dEawTkhwt fab. THE mwz yam mHkzkzj, azf THE mab yam ptEau. k fEpkfEf Tq TaaE ayata kz THE raua. THETuEEm yEuE twmH, azf THE duEEgE yam jEzTtE. kT yam a rEuhEpT fabTq uEtao azf Ezxqb THE rEapE azf iwkET.
可以发现yam一直频繁出现,并且大量位于a前,3个字母,且不是the, 我们大胆推测为was。
并将其y对应w,m对应s替换进行验证:
Tqfab was a dEawTkhwt fab. THE swz was sHkzkzj, azf THE sab was ptEau. k fEpkfEf Tq TaaE awata kz THE raua. THETuEEs wEuE twsH, azf THE duEEgE was jEzTtE. kT was a rEuhEpT fabTq uEtao azf Ezxqb THE rEapE azf iwkET.
前面说了,英文短文中出现在句子中且只有一个单词的只有i和a,这里显然 k 对应为i;azf出现的位置也很容易联想到为and,我们全部将其替换:
Tqdab was a dEawTihwt dab. THE swn was sHininj, and THE sab was ptEau. i dEpidEd Tq TaaE awata in THE raua. THETuEEs wEuE twsH, and THE duEEgE was jEnTtE. iT was a rEuhEpT dabTq uEtao and Enxqb THE rEapE and iwiET.
这里可以看见,大致的句子结构已经出现了,我们现在已经替换的有:
- V对应T
- l对应H
- N对应E
- c对应a
- y对应w
- m对应s
- k对应i
- z对应n
- f对应d
已知the后接名词,且s以及n已经固定,那么swn很大概率是sun
Tqdab was a dEauTihut dab. THE sun was sHininj, and THE sab was ptEau. i dEpidEd Tq TaaE awata in THE raua. THETuEEs wEuE tusH, and THE duEEgE was jEnTtE. iT was a rEuhEpT dabTq uEtao and Enxqb THE rEapE and iuiET.
The sun was shininj.已知shin正确,且为形容词,那么显然是g被替换为j,译:太阳正在照耀。
Tqdab was a dEauTihut dab. THE sun was sHining, and THE sab was ptEau. i dEpidEd Tq TaaE awata in THE raua. THETuEEs wEuE tusH, and THE duEEgE was gEnTtE. iT was a rEuhEpT dabTq uEtao and Enxqb THE rEapE and iuiET.
根据上下文sun,联系出现的高频词dab,那么很有可能是day。替换后tqdab变为tqday,明显为today,我们将这些线索再进行替换:
Today was a dEauTihut day. THE sun was sHining, and THE say was ptEau. i dEpidEd To TaaE awata in THE raua. THETuEEs wEuE tusH, and THE duEEgE was gEnTtE. iT was a rEuhEpT dayTo uEtao and Enxoy THE rEapE and iuiET.
现在已经基本破译完成了,那我们加快脚步,dEauTihut为形容词,联系后文,大概率为beautiful,the say was ptEau明显不对,联系上文THE sun was sHining,这里应该是 the sky was clear。
我们将全部替换后再来看:
Today was a beauTiful day. THe sun was sHining, and THe sky was clear. i decided To Take awalk in THe rark. THeTrees were lusH, and THe breege was genTle. iT was a rerfecT dayTo relao and enxoy THe reace and iuieT.
剩下的就显而易见了r对应p,g对应z,r对应p,o对应x,x对应j,i对应q
Today was a beautiful day. The sun was shining, and the sky was clear. I decided to take a walk in the park. The trees were lush, and the breeze was gentle. It was a perfect day to relax and enjoy the peace and quiet."
–
今天是美好的一天。阳光明媚,天空晴朗。我决定去公园散步。树木茂盛,微风轻拂。今天是放松身心,享受宁静和平静的完美日子。
密钥(替换表)如下:
替换后 | 替换前 |
---|---|
V | T |
L | H |
N | E |
C | A |
Y | W |
M | S |
K | i |
Z | N |
F | D |
W | U |
J | G |
B | Y |
Q | O |
D | B |
H | F |
T | L |
A | K |
P | C |
U | R |
G | Z |
R | P |
O | X |
X | J |
I | Q |