Python + Selenium元素定位方式（下拉框、鼠标、表单切换、窗口切换、警告框、JavaScript等实战）

单个元素定位实战

driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("大道至简")
driver.find_element_by_name("wd").send_keys("大道至简")
driver.find_element_by_class_name("s_ipt").send_keys("大道至简")
driver.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id='kw']").send_keys("大道至简")
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input#kw").send_keys("大道至简")
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("form#form>span>input").send_keys("大道至简")

多个元素定位实战

driver.find_elements_by_css_selector("input[type='checkbox']")[0].click()

使用By类定位

#导入By类
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
对应语法：
By.ID
By.NAME 
By.CLASS_NAME 
By.LINK_TEXT
By.XPATH
By.CSS_SELECTOR
driver.find_element(By.ID,'kw').send_keys("大道至简")

使用JavaScript定位

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
el = driver.execute_script('return document.getElementById("kw")')
el.clear()
el.send_keys('Python')

下拉框定位

1、value属性定位

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
import time
executable_path = r"G:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path)
driver.get("https://www.chinanews.com/")
driver.maximize_window()
time.sleep(1)
element = driver.find_element(By.ID,"s0")
Select(element).select_by_value("baidu")

2、index属性定位

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
import time

executable_path = r"G:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path)
driver.get("https://news.sina.com.cn/")
# 浏览器最大化
driver.maximize_window()
time.sleep(2)
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME,"time")
time.sleep(1)
Select(element).select_by_index(1)

3、visible_text属性定位

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
import time

executable_path = r"G:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path)
driver.get("https://news.sina.com.cn/")
# 浏览器最大化
driver.maximize_window()
time.sleep(2)
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME,"time")
time.sleep(1)
Select(element).select_by_visible_text("21:00")

4、元素二次定位实战

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
import time

executable_path = r"G:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path)
driver.get("https://news.sina.com.cn/")
# 浏览器最大化
driver.maximize_window()
time.sleep(2)
driver.find_element(By.NAME,"time").find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='blk_syhg_01']/form/select[2]/option[2]").click()
time.sleep(1)

鼠标操作实战

鼠标悬停到标签上后，在Sources中按Ctrl + \ 组合键，进入debug模式，动效JS会停止继续执行

1、鼠标指针悬停实战

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
# 导入ActionChains类
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
import time

executable_path = r"G:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path)
# 浏览器最大化
driver.maximize_window()
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
setting = driver.find_element(By.ID,"s-usersetting-top")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(setting).perform()
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='s-user-setting-menu']/div/a[1]").click()
time.sleep(1)

2、鼠标右键实战

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
Baidu = driver.find_element(By.ID,"su")
ActionChains(driver).context_click(Baidu).perform()
time.sleep(1)

3、鼠标双击实战

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
Baidu = driver.find_element(By.ID,"su")
ActionChains(driver).double_click(Baidu).perform()
time.sleep(1)

表单切换实战

iframe标签

1、单表单切换实战

driver.get("https://mail.qq.com/")
driver.switch_to.frame("login_frame")
driver.find_element(By.ID,"switcher_plogin").click()
time.sleep(1)

2、嵌套表单切换实战

处理思路：首先切换到第一个iframe中，再切换到第二个iframe标签中，可正常定位；

3、平行表单切换实战

场景：假设当前处在iframe1标签中，需要操作iframe2标签中的元素；
处理思路：首先从当前标签中退出，然后切换到iframe2中操作元素；

4、表单特殊情况处理

当iframe标签本身id、name属性值是一串动态变化的字符串或者iframe本身没有可用的name属性时，可以借助层级定位间接地定位iframe标签。

1、通过xpath层级定位到iframe标签，将定位对象赋值给xpath；
2、通过switch_to.frame()方法定位到iframe标签；

窗口切换实战

1、GET方法实战

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
driver.find_element(By.ID,"kw").send_keys("渗透吧")
driver.find_element(By.ID,"su").click()
time.sleep(1)
# 第一个窗口下点击“渗透吧”链接
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='1']/h3/a").click()
# 使用get()方法获取跳转后的URL地址
driver.get("https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%C9%F8%CD%B8&fr=ala0&tpl=5")
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"进入贴吧").click()

2、SWITCH方法实战

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"hao123").click()
time.sleep(1)
# 获取所有窗口的句柄
windows = driver.window_handles
driver.switch_to.window(windows[1])
time.sleep(0.5)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='search']/form/div[2]/input").send_keys("TESTING")
time.sleep(0.5)
driver.switch_to.window(windows[0])
driver.find_element(By.ID,"kw").send_keys("BAIDU")

警告框实战

1、获取警告框对应的文本信息：driver.switch_to.alert.text

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
setting = driver.find_element(By.ID,"s-usersetting-top")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(setting).perform()
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='s-user-setting-menu']/div/a[1]").click()
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.ID,"SL_1").click()
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='se-setting-7']/a[2]").click()
time.sleep(1)
alert_text = driver.switch_to.alert.text
print(alert_text)

2、接收警告框：driver.switch_to.alert.accept() 相当于警告框中的“确认”按钮

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
setting = driver.find_element(By.ID,"s-usersetting-top")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(setting).perform()
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='s-user-setting-menu']/div/a[1]").click()
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='se-setting-7']/a[2]").click()
time.sleep(1)
alert_text = driver.switch_to.alert.accept()

3、取消警告框：driver.switch_to.alert.dismiss() 相当于警告框中的“取消”按钮

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
setting = driver.find_element(By.ID,"s-usersetting-top")
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(setting).perform()
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='s-user-setting-menu']/div/a[1]").click()
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='se-setting-7']/a[2]").click()
time.sleep(1)
alert_text = driver.switch_to.alert.dismiss()

JavaScript实战

1、处理富文本实战

暂无富文本案例要求，后续补充；

2、处理隐藏元素实战

元素被隐藏：style= "display:none;"
设置元素可见：style.diaplay = "block"

3、处理readonly属性实战

移除该属性：readonly = "readonly"

4、处理浏览器滚动条操作

1、execute_script()
   window.scrollTo(0,10000)：以像素为单位；
2、引用键盘Keys类：使用Keys类键盘实现滚动条，只需要指明滚动条的目标位置；

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
driver.find_element(By.ID,"kw").send_keys("selenium")
driver.find_element(By.ID,"su").click()
time.sleep(1)
driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0,10000);")
time.sleep(2)
driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(10000,0);")
time.sleep(2)

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
driver.find_element(By.ID,"kw").send_keys("selenium")
driver.find_element(By.ID,"su").click()
time.sleep(1)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='page']/div/a[10]").send_keys(Keys.DOWN)
time.sleep(2)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='s_tab']/div/a[9]").send_keys(Keys.UP)
time.sleep(2)