本文分为十九个模块,分别是: Java 基础、容器、多线程、反射、对象拷贝、Java Web 、异常、网络、设计模式、Spring/Spring MVC、Spring Boot/Spring Cloud、Hibernate、MyBatis、RabbitMQ、Kafka、Zookeeper、MySQL、Redis、JVM ,如下图所示:
共包含 208 道面试题,本文的宗旨是为读者朋友们整理一份详实而又权威的面试清单,下面一起进入主题吧。
Java 基础
1. JDK 和 JRE 有什么区别?
- JDK:Java Development Kit 的简称,Java 开发工具包,提供了 Java 的开发环境和运行环境。
- JRE:Java Runtime Environment 的简称,Java 运行环境,为 Java 的运行提供了所需环境。
具体来说 JDK 其实包含了 JRE,同时还包含了编译 Java 源码的编译器 Javac,还包含了很多 Java 程序调试和分析的工具。简单来说:如果你需要运行 Java 程序,只需安装 JRE 就可以了,如果你需要编写 Java 程序,需要安装 JDK。
2. == 和 equals 的区别是什么?
== 解读
对于基本类型和引用类型 == 的作用效果是不同的,如下所示:
- 基本类型:比较的是值是否相同;
- 引用类型:比较的是引用是否相同;
代码示例:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">String x = <span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"string"</span></span></span>;
String y = <span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"string"</span></span></span>;
String z = <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">new</span></span></strong></span> String(<span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"string"</span></span></span>);
System.out.println(x==y); <span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// true</span></span></em></span>
System.out.println(x==z); <span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// false</span></span></em></span>
System.out.println(x.equals(y)); <span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// true</span></span></em></span>
System.out.println(x.equals(z)); <span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// true</span></span></em></span>
</code></span>
代码解读:因为 x 和 y 指向的是同一个引用,所以 == 也是 true,而 new String()方法则重写开辟了内存空间,所以 == 结果为 false,而 equals 比较的一直是值,所以结果都为 true。
equals 解读
equals 本质上就是 ==,只不过 String 和 Integer 等重写了 equals 方法,把它变成了值比较。看下面的代码就明白了。
首先来看默认情况下 equals 比较一个有相同值的对象,代码如下:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">class</span></strong></span><span style="color:#c18401"><strong><span style="color:#a31515">Cat</span></strong></span>{
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">public</span></strong></span><span style="color:#4078f2"><strong><span style="color:#a31515">Cat</span></strong></span>(String name){
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">this</span></span></strong></span>.name = name;
}
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">private</span></span></strong></span> String name;
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">public</span></span></strong></span> String <span style="color:#4078f2"><strong><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">getName</span></span></strong></span>(){
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">return</span></span></strong></span> name;
}
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">public</span></strong></span><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">void</span></strong></span><span style="color:#4078f2"><strong><span style="color:#a31515">setName</span></strong></span>(String name){
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">this</span></span></strong></span>.name = name;
}
}
Cat c1 = <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">new</span></span></strong></span> Cat(<span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"王磊"</span></span></span>);
Cat c2 = <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">new</span></span></strong></span> Cat(<span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"王磊"</span></span></span>);
System.out.println(c1.equals(c2)); <span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// false</span></span></em></span>
</code></span>
输出结果出乎我们的意料,竟然是 false?这是怎么回事,看了 equals 源码就知道了,源码如下:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">public</span></strong></span><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">boolean</span></strong></span><span style="color:#4078f2"><strong><span style="color:#a31515">equals</span></strong></span>(Object obj){
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">return</span></span></strong></span> (<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">this</span></span></strong></span> == obj);
}
</code></span>
原来 equals 本质上就是 ==。
那问题来了,两个相同值的 String 对象,为什么返回的是 true?代码如下:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">String s1 = <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">new</span></span></strong></span> String(<span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"老王"</span></span></span>);
String s2 = <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">new</span></span></strong></span> String(<span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"老王"</span></span></span>);
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); <span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// true</span></span></em></span>
</code></span>
同样的,当我们进入 String 的 equals 方法,找到了答案,代码如下:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">public</span></strong></span><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">boolean</span></strong></span><span style="color:#4078f2"><strong><span style="color:#a31515">equals</span></strong></span>(Object anObject){
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">if</span></span></strong></span> (<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">this</span></span></strong></span> == anObject) {
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">return</span></span></strong></span> <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">true</span></span></strong></span>;
}
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">if</span></span></strong></span> (anObject <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">instanceof</span></span></strong></span> String) {
String anotherString = (String)anObject;
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">int</span></span></strong></span> n = value.length;
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">if</span></span></strong></span> (n == anotherString.value.length) {
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">char</span></span></strong></span> v1[] = value;
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">char</span></span></strong></span> v2[] = anotherString.value;
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">int</span></span></strong></span> i = <span style="color:#986801">0</span>;
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">while</span></span></strong></span> (n-- != <span style="color:#986801">0</span>) {
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">if</span></span></strong></span> (v1[i] != v2[i])
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">return</span></span></strong></span> <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">false</span></span></strong></span>;
i++;
}
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">return</span></span></strong></span> <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">true</span></span></strong></span>;
}
}
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">return</span></span></strong></span> <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">false</span></span></strong></span>;
}
</code></span>
原来是 String 重写了 Object 的 equals 方法,把引用比较改成了值比较。
总结 :== 对于基本类型来说是值比较,对于引用类型来说是比较的是引用;而 equals 默认情况下是引用比较,只是很多类重新了 equals 方法,比如 String、Integer 等把它变成了值比较,所以一般情况下 equals 比较的是值是否相等。
3. 两个对象的 hashCode() 相同,则 equals() 也一定为 true,对吗?
不对,两个对象的 hashCode() 相同,equals() 不一定 true。
代码示例:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-Java">String str1 = <span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"通话"</span></span></span>;
String str2 = <span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"重地"</span></span></span>;
System. out. println(String. format(<span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"str1:%d | str2:%d"</span></span></span>, str1. hashCode(),str2. hashCode()));
System. out. println(str1. equals(str2));
</code></span>
执行的结果:
<span style="color:#000000"><code>str1:1179395 | str2:1179395
<span style="color:#0184bb"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">false</span></span></span>
</code></span>
代码解读:很显然“通话”和“重地”的 hashCode() 相同,然而 equals() 则为 false,因为在散列表中,hashCode() 相等即两个键值对的哈希值相等,然而哈希值相等,并不一定能得出键值对相等。
4. final 在 Java 中有什么作用?
- final 修饰的类叫最终类,该类不能被继承。
- final 修饰的方法不能被重写。
- final 修饰的变量叫常量,常量必须初始化,初始化之后值就不能被修改。
5. Java 中的 Math. round(-1. 5) 等于多少?
等于 -1,因为在数轴上取值时,中间值(0.5)向右取整,所以正 0.5 是往上取整,负 0.5 是直接舍弃。
6. String 属于基础的数据类型吗?
String 不属于基础类型,基础类型有 8 种:byte、boolean、char、short、int、float、long、double,而 String 属于对象。
7. Java 中操作字符串都有哪些类?它们之间有什么区别?
操作字符串的类有:String、StringBuffer、StringBuilder。
String 和 StringBuffer、StringBuilder 的区别在于 String 声明的是不可变的对象,每次操作都会生成新的 String 对象,然后将指针指向新的 String 对象,而 StringBuffer、StringBuilder 可以在原有对象的基础上进行操作,所以在经常改变字符串内容的情况下最好不要使用 String。
StringBuffer 和 StringBuilder 最大的区别在于,StringBuffer 是线程安全的,而 StringBuilder 是非线程安全的,但 StringBuilder 的性能却高于 StringBuffer,所以在单线程环境下推荐使用 StringBuilder,多线程环境下推荐使用 StringBuffer。
8. String str="i"与 String str=new String("i")一样吗?
不一样,因为内存的分配方式不一样。String str="i"的方式,Java 虚拟机会将其分配到常量池中;而 String str=new String("i") 则会被分到堆内存中。
9. 如何将字符串反转?
使用 StringBuilder 或者 stringBuffer 的 reverse() 方法。
示例代码:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-Java"><span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// StringBuffer reverse</span></span></em></span>
StringBuffer stringBuffer = <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">new</span></span></strong></span> StringBuffer();
stringBuffer. append(<span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"abcdefg"</span></span></span>);
System. out. println(stringBuffer. reverse()); <span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// gfedcba</span></span></em></span>
<span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// StringBuilder reverse</span></span></em></span>
StringBuilder stringBuilder = <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">new</span></span></strong></span> StringBuilder();
stringBuilder. append(<span style="color:#50a14f"><span style="color:#a31515"><span style="color:#a31515">"abcdefg"</span></span></span>);
System. out. println(stringBuilder. reverse()); <span style="color:#a0a1a7"><em><span style="color:#008000"><span style="color:#008000">// gfedcba</span></span></em></span>
</code></span>
10. String 类的常用方法都有那些?
- indexOf():返回指定字符的索引。
- charAt():返回指定索引处的字符。
- replace():字符串替换。
- trim():去除字符串两端空白。
- split():分割字符串,返回一个分割后的字符串数组。
- getBytes():返回字符串的 byte 类型数组。
- length():返回字符串长度。
- toLowerCase():将字符串转成小写字母。
- toUpperCase():将字符串转成大写字符。
- substring():截取字符串。
- equals():字符串比较。
11. 抽象类必须要有抽象方法吗?
不需要,抽象类不一定非要有抽象方法。
示例代码:
<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-Java"><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff"><span style="color:#0000ff">abstract</span></span></strong></span> <span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">class</span></strong></span><span style="color:#c18401"><strong><span style="color:#a31515">Cat</span></strong></span>{
<span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">public</span></strong></span><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">static</span></strong></span><span style="color:#a626a4"><strong><span style="color:#0000ff">void</span></strong></span><span style="color:#4078f2"><strong><span style="color:#a31515">sayHi</span></strong></span>(){
Syst