json.dumps()、json.loads()、json.dump()、json.load()方法讲解

定义解释

• JSON 指的是 JavaScript 对象表示法（JavaScript Object Notation）
• JSON 是轻量级的文本数据交换格式
• JSON 独立于语言
• JSON 具有自我描述性，更易理解

json数据类型

json对象	Python对象
object	dict
array	list, tuple
string	str
number (int) (real)	int, float
null	None
true/fase	True/False

注意： json数据在python里是本质上是字符串类型。

json方法

在使用之前 我们要了解两个名字 序列化和反序列化

• 序列化encoding : 把一个Python对象转化成json字符串
• 反序列化decoding: 把json字符串转化成python

常用的方法：

• json.dumps():将一个Python数据类型转换为json数据类型
• json.loads()：将json数据类型转换为python数据类型
• json.dump()：将数据以json的数据类型写入文件中
• json.load() ： 以json数据类型的方式读取文件

例子：

import json
user = {
    "username" : "which",
    "age" : 18 
}
# 将字典转换字符串
a = json.dumps(user) 
# 将字符串转换为字典
b = json.loads(a)
print(user， type(user))
print(a， type(a))
print(b, type(b))
"""
# 打印结果
{'username': 'which', 'age': 18} <class 'dict'>
{"username": "which", "age": 18} <class 'str'>
{'username': 'which', 'age': 18} <class 'dict'>
"""

• json.dump() 以json数据类型来存储这组数据

import json
username = input("What is your name? ")
filename = 'username.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
    json.dump(username, f_obj)
    print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")

• json.load() 以json数据来加载存储数据

import json
def greet_user():
    filename = 'username.json'
    try:
        with open(filename) as f_obj:
        username = json.load(f_obj)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        username = input("What is your name? ")
        with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
            json.dump(username, f_obj)
            print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
    else:
        print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")

greet_user()

• json.jumps()将python数据类型转换为json数据类型

import json
def save_file(self, item, file_path):
	"""存储爬去文件"""
	with open (file_path, "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:
	    f.write(json.dumps(dict(item), ensure_ascii=False, indent=2))
	    f.write ("\n")
	print ("保存成功！")

• json.loads() 将json数据转换为python数据类型

import json
json_str = '[{"name": "小姐姐", "age": "19"},{"name": "小哥哥", "age": "18"}]'
user_list = json.loads(json_str)
print(type(user_list))
for user in user_list:
	print(user)
# 打印结果：
“”“
<class 'list'>
{'name': '小姐姐', 'age': '19'}
{'name': '小哥哥', 'age': '18'}
”“”

附录：

 FUNCTIONS
    dump(obj, fp, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw)
        Serialize ``obj`` as a JSON formatted stream to ``fp`` (a
        ``.write()``-supporting file-like object).

        If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
        (``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
        instead of raising a ``TypeError``.

        If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the strings written to ``fp`` can
        contain non-ASCII characters if they appear in strings contained in
        ``obj``. Otherwise, all such characters are escaped in JSON strings.

        If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
        for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
        result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).

        If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
        serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``)
        in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
        JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).

        If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
        object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
        level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
        representation.

        If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
        tuple.  The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
        ``(',', ': ')`` otherwise.  To get the most compact JSON representation,
        you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.

        ``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
        of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.

        If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
        dictionaries will be sorted by key.

        To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
        ``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
        the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.

    dumps(obj, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw)
        Serialize ``obj`` to a JSON formatted ``str``.

        If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
        (``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
        instead of raising a ``TypeError``.

        If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the return value can contain non-ASCII
        characters if they appear in strings contained in ``obj``. Otherwise, all
        such characters are escaped in JSON strings.

        If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
        for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
        result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).

        If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
        serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``) in
        strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
        JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).

        If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
        object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
        level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
        representation.

        If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
        tuple.  The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
        ``(',', ': ')`` otherwise.  To get the most compact JSON representation,
        you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.

        ``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
        of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.

        If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
        dictionaries will be sorted by key.

        To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
        ``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
        the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.

    load(fp, *, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw)
        Deserialize ``fp`` (a ``.read()``-supporting file-like object containing
        a JSON document) to a Python object.

        ``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
        result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
        ``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
        can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).

        ``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
        result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
        return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
        This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the
        order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example,
        collections.OrderedDict will remember the order of insertion). If
        ``object_hook`` is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.

        To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
        kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.

    loads(s, *, encoding=None, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw)
        Deserialize ``s`` (a ``str``, ``bytes`` or ``bytearray`` instance
        containing a JSON document) to a Python object.

        ``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
        result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
        ``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
        can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).

        ``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
        result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
        return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
        This feature can be used to implement custom decoders that rely on the
        order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for example,
        collections.OrderedDict will remember the order of insertion). If
        ``object_hook`` is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.

        ``parse_float``, if specified, will be called with the string
        of every JSON float to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
        float(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
        for JSON floats (e.g. decimal.Decimal).

        ``parse_int``, if specified, will be called with the string
        of every JSON int to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
        int(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
        for JSON integers (e.g. float).

        ``parse_constant``, if specified, will be called with one of the
        following strings: -Infinity, Infinity, NaN.
        This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
        are encountered.

        To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
        kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.

        The ``encoding`` argument is ignored and deprecated.