1,服务端JavaScript
JavaScript是一门“完整”的语言: 它可以使用在不同的上下文中,其能力与其他同类语言相比有过之而无不及。
Node.js事实上就是另外一种上下文,它允许在后端(脱离浏览器环境)运行JavaScript代码。
Node.js事实上既是一个运行时环境,同时又是一个库。
2,Hello World
创建server.js
var http = require("http");
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
}).listen(8888);
在cmd中运行node server.js
打开浏览器访问http://localhost:8888/
分析:
- 第一行请求(require)Node.js自带的 http 模块,并且把它赋值给 http 变量
- 调用http模块提供的函数: createServer。这个函数会返回一个对象,这个对象有一个 listen 的方法,这个方法有一个数值参数,指定这个HTTP服务器监听的端口号。
- 在JavaScript中,函数和其他变量一样都是可以被传递的。
- Node.js是事件驱动的
- 我们给某个方法传递了一个函数,这个方法在有相应事件发生时调用这个函数来进行 回调
3,服务启动和请求执行流程分析
var http = require("http");
function onRequest(request, response) {
console.log("Request received.");
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888)
console.log("Server has started.");
运行node server.js时,会马上在命令行上输出“Server has started.”。当我们向服务器发出请求(在浏览器访问http://localhost:8888/ ),“Request received.”这条消息就会在命令行中出现
这就是事件驱动的异步服务器端JavaScript和它的回调
当我们在服务器访问网页时,我们的服务器可能会输出两次“Request received.”。那是因为大部分浏览器都会在你访问 http://localhost:8888/ 时尝试读取 http://localhost:8888/favicon.ico
4,创建自己的模块
server.js
var http = require("http");
function start() {
function onRequest(request, response) {
console.log("Request received.");
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
console.log("Server has started.");
}
exports.start = start;
创建 index.js
var server = require("./server");
server.start();
运行node index.js时
把我们的应用的不同部分放入不同的文件里,并且通过生成模块的方式把它们连接到一起了
5,如何来进行请求的“路由”
为路由提供请求的URL和其他需要的GET及POST参数,随后路由需要根据这些数据来执行相应的代码
server.js
var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");
function start(route) {
function onRequest(request, response) {
var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");
route(pathname);
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
console.log("Server has started.");
}
exports.start = start;
router.js
function route(pathname) {
console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
}
exports.route = route;
把路由和服务器整合起来
index.js
var server = require("./server");
var router = require("./router");
server.start(router.route);
启动应用node index.js,随后请求一个URL,你将会看到应用输出相应的信息,这表明我们的HTTP服务器已经在使用路由模块了,并会将请求的路径传递给路由
6,函数式编程
将函数作为参数传递并不仅仅出于技术上的考量
Steve Yegge的大作名词王国中的死刑
7,路由给真正的请求处理程序
创建一个叫做requestHandlers的模块,并对于每一个请求处理程序,添加一个占位用函数,随后将这些函数作为模块的方法导出
requestHandlers.js
function start() {
console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");
}
function upload() {
console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
}
exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;
将一系列请求处理程序通过一个对象来传递,并且需要使用松耦合的方式将这个对象注入到route()函数中
主文件index.js
var server = require("./server");
var router = require("./router");
var requestHandlers = require("./requestHandlers");
var handle = {}
handle["/"] = requestHandlers.start;
handle["/start"] = requestHandlers.start;
handle["/upload"] = requestHandlers.upload;
server.start(router.route, handle);
server.js
var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");
function start(route, handle) {
function onRequest(request, response) {
var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");
route(handle, pathname);
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
console.log("Server has started.");
}
exports.start = start;
route.js
function route(handle, pathname) {
console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
handle[pathname]();
} else {
console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
}
}
exports.route = route;
启动应用程序并在浏览器中访问http://localhost:8888/start
8,让请求处理程序作出响应
requestHandler.js
function start() {
console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");
return "Hello Start";
}
function upload() {
console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
return "Hello Upload";
}
exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;
router.js
function route(handle, pathname) {
console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
return handle[pathname]();
} else {
console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
return "404 Not found";
}
}
exports.route = route;
server.js
var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");
function start(route, handle) {
function onRequest(request, response) {
var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
var content = route(handle, pathname)
response.write(content);
response.end();
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
console.log("Server has started.");
}
exports.start = start;
http://localhost:8888/start,浏览器会输出“Hello Start”,
http://localhost:8888/upload会输出“Hello Upload”,
9,阻塞与非阻塞
requestHandlers.js
function start() {
console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");
function sleep(milliSeconds) {
var startTime = new Date().getTime();
while (new Date().getTime() < startTime + milliSeconds);
}
sleep(10000);
return "Hello Start";
}
function upload() {
console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
return "Hello Upload";
}
exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;
在第一个浏览器窗口的地址栏中输入http://localhost:8888/start, 但是先不要打开它
在第二个浏览器窗口的地址栏中输入http://localhost:8888/upload, 同样的,先不要打开它!
在第一个窗口中(“/start”)按下回车,然后快速切换到第二个窗口中(“/upload”)按下回车。
start URL加载花了10秒,这和我们预期的一样,/upload URL居然也花了10秒,而它在对应的请求处理程序中并没有类似于sleep()这样的操作!
start()包含了阻塞操作。形象的说就是“它阻塞了所有其他的处理工作”。
Node.js是单线程的。它通过事件轮询(event loop)来实现并行操作,尽可能的避免阻塞操作,取而代之,多使用非阻塞操作。
要用非阻塞操作,我们需要使用回调,通过将函数作为参数传递给其他需要花时间做处理的函数。
10,以非阻塞操作进行请求响应
server.js
var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");
function start(route, handle) {
function onRequest(request, response) {
var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");
route(handle, pathname, response);
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
console.log("Server has started.");
}
exports.start = start;
router.js
function route(handle, pathname, response) {
console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
handle[pathname](response);
} else {
console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
response.writeHead(404, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("404 Not found");
response.end();
}
}
exports.route = route;
requestHandler.js
var exec = require("child_process").exec;
function start(response) {
console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");
exec("ls -lah", function (error, stdout, stderr) {
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write(stdout);
response.end();
});
}
function upload(response) {
console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello Upload");
response.end();
}
exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;
11,处理POST请求
requestHandlers.js
function start(response, postData) {
console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");
var body = '<html>'+
'<head>'+
'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; '+
'charset=UTF-8" />'+
'</head>'+
'<body>'+
'<form action="/upload" method="post">'+
'<textarea name="text" rows="20" cols="60"></textarea>'+
'<input type="submit" value="Submit text" />'+
'</form>'+
'</body>'+
'</html>';
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
response.write(body);
response.end();
}
function upload(response, postData) {
console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("You've sent: " + postData);
response.end();
}
exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;
server.js
var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");
function start(route, handle) {
function onRequest(request, response) {
var postData = "";
var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");
request.setEncoding("utf8");
request.addListener("data", function(postDataChunk) {
postData += postDataChunk;
console.log("Received POST data chunk '"+
postDataChunk + "'.");
});
request.addListener("end", function() {
route(handle, pathname, response, postData);
});
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
console.log("Server has started.");
}
exports.start = start;
router.js
function route(handle, pathname, response, postData) {
console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
handle[pathname](response, postData);
} else {
console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
response.writeHead(404, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("404 Not found");
response.end();
}
}
exports.route = route;
12,处理文件上传
npm install formidable
server.js
var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");
function start(route, handle) {
function onRequest(request, response) {
var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");
route(handle, pathname, response, request);
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
console.log("Server has started.");
}
exports.start = start;
router.js
function route(handle, pathname, response, request) {
console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
handle[pathname](response, request);
} else {
console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
response.writeHead(404, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
response.write("404 Not found");
response.end();
}
}
exports.route = route;
requestHandlers.js
var querystring = require("querystring"),
fs = require("fs"),
formidable = require("formidable");
function start(response) {
console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");
var body = '<html>'+
'<head>'+
'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; '+
'charset=UTF-8" />'+
'</head>'+
'<body>'+
'<form action="/upload" enctype="multipart/form-data" '+
'method="post">'+
'<input type="file" name="upload" multiple="multiple">'+
'<input type="submit" value="Upload file" />'+
'</form>'+
'</body>'+
'</html>';
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
response.write(body);
response.end();
}
function upload(response, request) {
console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
var form = new formidable.IncomingForm();
console.log("about to parse");
form.parse(request, function(error, fields, files) {
console.log("parsing done");
fs.renameSync(files.upload.path, "/tmp/test.png");
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
response.write("received image:<br/>");
response.write("<img src='/show' />");
response.end();
});
}
function show(response) {
console.log("Request handler 'show' was called.");
fs.readFile("/tmp/test.png", "binary", function(error, file) {
if(error) {
response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write(error + "\n");
response.end();
} else {
response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "image/png"});
response.write(file, "binary");
response.end();
}
});
}
exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;
exports.show = show;