一,常用模块
time
#获取当前时间对象
now = time.localtime()
# 字符串转时间对象
time.strptime('2013-10-10 23:40:00', "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
# 时间对象转字符串
time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", now)
# 获取当前时间戳
t1 = time.time()
# 时间戳转时间对象
time.localtime(t1)
os 文件和目录处理模块
json模块
data = {'name': 'xxx'}
# 将数据转json字符串
data = json.dumps(data)
# 将json字符串转字典
data = json.loads(data)
xml操作模块
import xml.etree.ElementTree as xmlEtree
# 创建根节点
new_xml = xmlEtree.Element("data")
# 为父节点创建子节点
student = xmlEtree.SubElement(new_xml, "student", attrib={"class": "一班"})
name = xmlEtree.SubElement(student, "name", attrib={"sex": "男"})
name.text = "张三"
# 生成文档对象
tree = xmlEtree.ElementTree(new_xml)
tree.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)
# 读取xml文件
# 解析xml文件
xml_file = xmlEtree.parse("test.xml")
# 获取根对象
root = xml_file.getroot()
# 遍历 tag:标签名,attrib:属性对象,text:标签内容
for i in root:
print(i.tag, i.attrib)
for j in i:
print(j.tag, j.text)
# 修改xml文件
for i in root:
age = xmlEtree.Element("age")
i.append(age)
for j in i:
attr = j.attrib
if j.tag == "name":
j.set("area", "亚洲")
if j.tag == "age":
j.text = "22"
xml_file.write("test1.xml", encoding="utf-8")
# xml删除节点
for student in root.findall("student"):
age = int(student.find("age").text)
if age >= 30:
root.remove(student)
xml_file.write("test1.xml", encoding="utf-8")
正则
import re
# .代表任意一个字符
re.findall("a.c","axcfsaec") #["axc","aec"]
# ^规定匹配字符串的开始字符
re.findall("^a.c","axcfsaec") #["axc"]
# $规定匹配字符串的结尾字符
re.findall("a.c$","axcfsaec") #["aec"]
# *前一个出现0或无穷次
re.findall("a.c*","axcfsaecaw") # ['axc', 'aec', 'aw']
# +前一个出现1或无穷次
re.findall("a.c+","axcfsaecaw") # ['axc', 'aec']
# ?前一个出现0或1次
# {n,m}前一个出现n到m次
# []或的作用
re.findall("x[yz]","axywexzd") #['xy', 'xz']
# [1-9] 匹配1到9任意一个
# [a-z] 匹配a到z任意一个
# [^yz] 匹配非yz任意字符,^在[]里是非的意思
re.findall("x[^yz]","axywexzdxw") #['xw']
# \d 匹配0-9任意数字,x相当于[0-9]
# \D相当于[^0-9]
# \s匹配任何空白字符,
# \S匹配任何非空白字符。
# \w相当于[a-zA-Z0-9_]
# \W相当于[^a-zA-Z0-9_]
# | 或
re.findall('xy|z','xyzaxz') # ['xy', 'z', 'z']
# search只找到第一个返回,通过group()方法得到字符串
re.search('x','axycxz').group() # x
# ()分组
re.findall('(xy)','axycxyd') # ['xy', 'xy']
logging模块
# 1,通过logging.basicConfig设置日志样式
logging.basicConfig(
level=logging.DEBUG,
filename="logger.log", # 日志保存路径
filemode="a", # 默认a追加
format="%(asctime)s %(filename)s[%(lineno)d] %(message)s"
)
# 2,通过logging.getLogger()对象设置
logger = logging.getLogger()
fl = logging.FileHandler("test.log")
cl = logging.StreamHandler()
fm = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(filename)s[%(lineno)d] %(message)s")
fl.setFormatter(fm)
cl.setFormatter(fm)
logger.addHandler(fl)
logger.addHandler(cl)
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
with
class Dog(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __enter__(self):
print("enter---",self.name)
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print("__exit__运行代表整个with语句执行完毕")
with Dog("小黄") as dog: # 相当于 dog = Dog("小黄").__enter__()
pass
描述符应用(类型限制)
描述符定义: 实现__get__或__set__方法之一
没有实现set是非数据描述符,get和set同时存在为数据描述符,
执行优先级: 类属性>数据描述符>实例属性>非数据描述符>找不到触发__getattr__()
class Typed(object):
def __init__(self, key, limit_type):
self.key = key
self.limit_type = limit_type
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
return instance.__dict__[self.key]
def __set__(self, instance, value):
if not isinstance(value, self.limit_type):
raise TypeError("%s 传入类型不是:%s " % (self.key,self.limit_type))
instance.__dict__[self.key] = value
def __delete__(self, instance):
instance.__dict__.pop(self.key)
class Dog(object):
name = Typed('name', str)
age = Typed('age', int)
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
erha = Dog('二哈', '3') # TypeError: name 传入类型不是:<class 'str'>
描述符扩展(类装饰器)
def deco(**kwargs):
def decorate(obj):
for key, val in kwargs.items():
setattr(obj, key, Typed(key, val))
return obj
return decorate
@deco(name=str, age=int)
class Dog(object):
# name = Typed('name', str)
# age = Typed('age', int)
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
erha = Dog('二哈', '3') # TypeError: name 传入类型不是:<class 'str'>
静态属性
class Room(object):
def __init__(self, type, length, width):
self.type = type
self.length = length
self.width = width
@property
def area(self):
return self.length * self.width
r1 = Room("一室", 4, 5)
print(r1.area) # 20
描述符模拟自定义静态属性
class SelfProperty(object):
def __init__(self, func):
self.func = func
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
print("get---")
if instance is None:
return self
result = self.func(instance)
setattr(instance, self.func.__name__, result)
return result
class Room(object):
def __init__(self, type, length, width):
self.type = type
self.length = length
self.width = width
@SelfProperty
def area(self):
return self.length * self.width
r1 = Room("一室", 4, 5)
print(r1.area)
print(r1.__dict__)
print(r1.area)
print(r1.area)
元类
所有类的默认元类是type,自定义元类继承type
class MyType(type):
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
obj = object.__new__(cls)
cls.__init__(obj, *args, **kwargs)
return obj
class Room(object, metaclass=MyType):
def __init__(self, type, length, width):
self.type = type
self.length = length
self.width = width
r1 = Room("一室", 4, 5)
print(r1.__dict__)
二,反射
class dog(object):
def __init__(self, name, color):
self.name = name
self.color = color
def barking(self):
print("%s的%s正在汪汪叫。。。" % (self.color, self.name))
def __getattr__(self, item):
print("---",item)
erha = dog("二哈", "黄色")
# hasattr(obj, name)
# 判断obj中有没有一个name字符串对应的方法或属性
print(hasattr(erha, "name")) #True
print(getattr(erha, 'name')) #二哈
# 当调用属性不存在时,会调用__getattr__方法
# __getattribute__调用属性存不存在都会执行
erha.sleep