python学习学习笔记二

一，常用模块
time

#获取当前时间对象
now = time.localtime() 
# 字符串转时间对象
time.strptime('2013-10-10 23:40:00', "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
# 时间对象转字符串
time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", now)

# 获取当前时间戳
t1 = time.time()
# 时间戳转时间对象
time.localtime(t1)

os 文件和目录处理模块

json模块

data = {'name': 'xxx'}
# 将数据转json字符串
data = json.dumps(data)
# 将json字符串转字典
data = json.loads(data)

xml操作模块

import xml.etree.ElementTree as xmlEtree

# 创建根节点
new_xml = xmlEtree.Element("data")
# 为父节点创建子节点
student = xmlEtree.SubElement(new_xml, "student", attrib={"class": "一班"})
name = xmlEtree.SubElement(student, "name", attrib={"sex": "男"})
name.text = "张三"

# 生成文档对象
tree = xmlEtree.ElementTree(new_xml) 
tree.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)

# 读取xml文件
# 解析xml文件
xml_file = xmlEtree.parse("test.xml")
# 获取根对象
root = xml_file.getroot()
# 遍历 tag:标签名，attrib:属性对象，text:标签内容
for i in root:
    print(i.tag, i.attrib)
    for j in i:
        print(j.tag, j.text)


# 修改xml文件
for i in root:
    age = xmlEtree.Element("age")
    i.append(age)
    for j in i:
        attr = j.attrib
        if j.tag == "name":
            j.set("area", "亚洲")
        if j.tag == "age":
            j.text = "22"
xml_file.write("test1.xml", encoding="utf-8")

# xml删除节点
for student in root.findall("student"):
    age = int(student.find("age").text)
    if age >= 30:
        root.remove(student)
xml_file.write("test1.xml", encoding="utf-8")

正则

import re
# .代表任意一个字符
re.findall("a.c","axcfsaec") #["axc","aec"]
# ^规定匹配字符串的开始字符
re.findall("^a.c","axcfsaec") #["axc"]
# $规定匹配字符串的结尾字符
re.findall("a.c$","axcfsaec") #["aec"]
# *前一个出现0或无穷次
re.findall("a.c*","axcfsaecaw") # ['axc', 'aec', 'aw']
# +前一个出现1或无穷次
re.findall("a.c+","axcfsaecaw") # ['axc', 'aec']
# ?前一个出现0或1次
# {n,m}前一个出现n到m次

# []或的作用
re.findall("x[yz]","axywexzd")  #['xy', 'xz']
# [1-9] 匹配1到9任意一个
# [a-z] 匹配a到z任意一个
# [^yz] 匹配非yz任意字符，^在[]里是非的意思
re.findall("x[^yz]","axywexzdxw") #['xw']

# \d 匹配0-9任意数字，x相当于[0-9]
# \D相当于[^0-9]
# \s匹配任何空白字符，
# \S匹配任何非空白字符。
# \w相当于[a-zA-Z0-9_]
# \W相当于[^a-zA-Z0-9_]

# | 或
re.findall('xy|z','xyzaxz') # ['xy', 'z', 'z']
# search只找到第一个返回，通过group()方法得到字符串
re.search('x','axycxz').group()  # x
# ()分组
re.findall('(xy)','axycxyd') # ['xy', 'xy']

logging模块

# 1，通过logging.basicConfig设置日志样式
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    filename="logger.log",  # 日志保存路径
    filemode="a",  # 默认a追加
    format="%(asctime)s %(filename)s[%(lineno)d] %(message)s"
)

# 2，通过logging.getLogger()对象设置

logger = logging.getLogger()

fl = logging.FileHandler("test.log")
cl = logging.StreamHandler()

fm = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(filename)s[%(lineno)d] %(message)s")
fl.setFormatter(fm)
cl.setFormatter(fm)

logger.addHandler(fl)
logger.addHandler(cl)
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

with

class Dog(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    def __enter__(self):
        print("enter---",self.name)
        return self
    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print("__exit__运行代表整个with语句执行完毕")

with Dog("小黄") as dog:  # 相当于 dog = Dog("小黄").__enter__()
    pass

描述符应用（类型限制）
描述符定义: 实现__get__或__set__方法之一
没有实现set是非数据描述符，get和set同时存在为数据描述符，
执行优先级： 类属性>数据描述符>实例属性>非数据描述符>找不到触发__getattr__()

class Typed(object):
    def __init__(self, key, limit_type):
        self.key = key
        self.limit_type = limit_type
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return instance.__dict__[self.key]
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not isinstance(value, self.limit_type):
            raise TypeError("%s 传入类型不是：%s " % (self.key,self.limit_type))
        instance.__dict__[self.key] = value
    def __delete__(self, instance):
        instance.__dict__.pop(self.key)


class Dog(object):
    name = Typed('name', str)
    age = Typed('age', int)
    
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age


erha = Dog('二哈', '3')  # TypeError: name 传入类型不是：<class 'str'>

描述符扩展（类装饰器）

def deco(**kwargs):
    def decorate(obj):
        for key, val in kwargs.items():
            setattr(obj, key, Typed(key, val))
        return obj

    return decorate


@deco(name=str, age=int)
class Dog(object):
    # name = Typed('name', str)
    # age = Typed('age', int)

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
erha = Dog('二哈', '3')  # TypeError: name 传入类型不是：<class 'str'>

静态属性

class Room(object):
    def __init__(self, type, length, width):
        self.type = type
        self.length = length
        self.width = width

    @property
    def area(self):
        return self.length * self.width

r1 = Room("一室", 4, 5)
print(r1.area)  # 20

描述符模拟自定义静态属性

class SelfProperty(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        self.func = func

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print("get---")
        if instance is None:
            return self
        result = self.func(instance)
        setattr(instance, self.func.__name__, result)
        return result


class Room(object):
    def __init__(self, type, length, width):
        self.type = type
        self.length = length
        self.width = width

    @SelfProperty
    def area(self):
        return self.length * self.width

r1 = Room("一室", 4, 5)
print(r1.area)
print(r1.__dict__)
print(r1.area)
print(r1.area)

元类

所有类的默认元类是type，自定义元类继承type
class MyType(type):
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        obj = object.__new__(cls)
        cls.__init__(obj, *args, **kwargs)
        return obj

class Room(object, metaclass=MyType):
    def __init__(self, type, length, width):
        self.type = type
        self.length = length
        self.width = width

r1 = Room("一室", 4, 5)

print(r1.__dict__)

二，反射

class dog(object):
    def __init__(self, name, color):
        self.name = name
        self.color = color
    def barking(self):
        print("%s的%s正在汪汪叫。。。" % (self.color, self.name))
    def __getattr__(self, item):
        print("---",item)

erha = dog("二哈", "黄色")
# hasattr(obj, name)
# 判断obj中有没有一个name字符串对应的方法或属性
print(hasattr(erha, "name"))  #True
print(getattr(erha, 'name'))  #二哈

# 当调用属性不存在时，会调用__getattr__方法
# __getattribute__调用属性存不存在都会执行
erha.sleep