Elasticsearch -- 概述

1. Elasticsearch 是什么

Elaticsearch，简称为 ES， ES 是一个开源的高扩展的分布式全文搜索引擎， 是整个 ElasticStack 技术栈的核心。
它可以近乎实时的存储、检索数据；本身扩展性很好，可以扩展到上百台服务器，处理 PB 级别的数据。

全文搜索引擎

Google，百度类的网站搜索，它们都是根据网页中的关键字生成索引，我们在搜索的时候输入关键字，它们会将该关键字即索引匹配到的所有网页返回；还有常见的项目中应用日志的搜索等等。对于这些非结构化的数据文本，关系型数据库搜索不是能很好的支持。

一般传统数据库，全文检索都实现的很鸡肋，因为一般也没人用数据库存文本字段。进行全文检索需要扫描整个表，如果数据量大的话即使对 SQL 的语法优化，也收效甚微。建立了索引，但是维护起来也很麻烦，对于 insert 和 update 操作都会重新构建索引。

ES原理

计算机索引程序通过扫描文章中的每一个词，对每一个词建立一个索引，指明该词在文章中出现的次数和位置，当用户查询时，检索程序就根据事先建立的索引进行查找，并将查找的结果反馈给用户的检索方式。这个过程类似于通过字典中的检索字表查字的过程。

ES结构

Elasticsearch 是面向文档型数据库，一条数据在这里就是一个文档。 为了方便大家理解，我们将 Elasticsearch 里存储文档数据和关系型数据库 MySQL 存储数据的概念进行一个类比

ES 里的 Index 可以看做一个库，而 Types 相当于表， Documents 则相当于表的行。这里 Types 的概念已经被逐渐弱化， Elasticsearch 6.X 中，一个 index 下已经只能包含一个type， Elasticsearch 7.X 中, Type 的概念已经被删除了。

2. Java API

连接ES服务器

RestHighLevelClient client = new RestHighLevelClient(
                RestClient.builder(new HttpHost("localhost", 9200, "http")));
//增删改查
//对结果进行打印 SearchResponse response 
SearchHits hits = response.getHits();
System.out.println("took:" + response.getTook());
System.out.println("timeout:" + response.isTimedOut());
System.out.println("total:" + hits.getTotalHits());
System.out.println("MaxScore:" + hits.getMaxScore());
System.out.println("hits========>>");
for (SearchHit hit : hits) {
//输出每条查询的结果信息
   System.out.println(hit.getSourceAsString());
}
System.out.println("<<========");

client.close();

2.1 索引

2.1.1 索引 - 创建 - CreateIndexRequest

// 创建索引 - 请求对象
CreateIndexRequest request = new CreateIndexRequest("user2");
// 发送请求，获取响应
CreateIndexResponse response = client.indices().create(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
boolean acknowledged = response.isAcknowledged();
// 响应状态
System.out.println("操作状态 = " + acknowledged);

2.1.2 索引 - 查询 - GetIndexRequest

GetIndexRequest request = new GetIndexRequest("user2");
// 发送请求，获取响应
GetIndexResponse response = client.indices().get(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

System.out.println("aliases:"+response.getAliases());
System.out.println("mappings:"+response.getMappings());
System.out.println("settings:"+response.getSettings());

2.1.3 索引 - 删除 - DeleteIndexRequest

// 删除索引 - 请求对象
DeleteIndexRequest request = new DeleteIndexRequest("user2");
// 发送请求，获取响应
AcknowledgedResponse response = client.indices().delete(request,RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
// 操作结果
System.out.println("操作结果 ： " + response.isAcknowledged());

2.2 文档

2.2.1 文档 - 创建 - IndexRequest.source(json字符串, XContentType.JSON)

 // 新增文档 - 请求对象
IndexRequest request = new IndexRequest();
// 设置索引及唯一性标识
request.index("user").id("1001");

// 创建数据对象
User user = new User();
user.setName("zhangsan");
user.setAge(30);
user.setSex("男");

ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
String productJson = objectMapper.writeValueAsString(user);
// 添加文档数据，数据格式为 JSON 格式
request.source(productJson, XContentType.JSON);
// 客户端发送请求，获取响应对象
IndexResponse response = client.index(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
3.打印结果信息
System.out.println("_index:" + response.getIndex());
System.out.println("_id:" + response.getId());
System.out.println("_result:" + response.getResult());

2.2.2 文档 - 更新 - UpdateRequest.doc(XContentType.JSON, “key”, value)

// 修改文档 - 请求对象
UpdateRequest request = new UpdateRequest();
// 配置修改参数
request.index("user").id("1001");
// 设置请求体，对数据进行修改
request.doc(XContentType.JSON, "sex", "女");
// 客户端发送请求，获取响应对象
UpdateResponse response = client.update(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
System.out.println("_index:" + response.getIndex());
System.out.println("_id:" + response.getId());
System.out.println("_result:" + response.getResult());

2.2.3 文档 - 查询 - GetRequest.index(“user”).id(“1001”)

//1.创建请求对象
GetRequest request = new GetRequest().index("user").id("1001");
//2.客户端发送请求，获取响应对象
GetResponse response = client.get(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
3.打印结果信息
System.out.println("_index:" + response.getIndex());
System.out.println("_type:" + response.getType());
System.out.println("_id:" + response.getId());
System.out.println("source:" + response.getSourceAsString());

2.2.4 文档 - 删除 - DeleteRequest().index(“user”).id(“1001”)

//创建请求对象
DeleteRequest request = new DeleteRequest().index("user").id("1001");
//客户端发送请求，获取响应对象
DeleteResponse response = client.delete(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
//打印信息
System.out.println(response.toString());

3. 高级API

3.1 查询指定索引所有数据 - QueryBuilders.matchAllQuery()

 // 创建搜索请求对象
SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest();
request.indices("user");
// 构建查询的请求体
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
// 查询所有数据
sourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.matchAllQuery());
request.source(sourceBuilder);
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);
// 查询匹配
SearchHits hits = response.getHits();
System.out.println("took:" + response.getTook());
System.out.println("timeout:" + response.isTimedOut());
System.out.println("total:" + hits.getTotalHits());
System.out.println("MaxScore:" + hits.getMaxScore());
System.out.println("hits========>>");
for (SearchHit hit : hits) {
//输出每条查询的结果信息
   System.out.println(hit.getSourceAsString());
}
System.out.println("<<========");

3.2 模糊查询 - QueryBuilders.fuzzyQuery(“name”,“wangwu”).fuzziness(Fuzziness.ONE)

// 创建搜索请求对象
SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest();
request.indices("user");
// 构建查询的请求体
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
sourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.fuzzyQuery("name","wangwu").fuzziness(Fuzziness.ONE));
request.source(sourceBuilder);
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

3.3 条件查询 - QueryBuilders.termQuery(“age”, “30”)

// 创建搜索请求对象
SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest();
request.indices("user");
// 构建查询的请求体
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
sourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.termQuery("age", "30"));
request.source(sourceBuilder);
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

3.4 分页查询 - SearchSourceBuilder.from(1).size(2)

// 创建搜索请求对象
SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest();
request.indices("user");
// 构建查询的请求体
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
sourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.matchAllQuery());
// 分页查询
// 当前页其实索引(第一条数据的顺序号)， from
sourceBuilder.from(0);

// 每页显示多少条 size
sourceBuilder.size(2);
request.source(sourceBuilder);
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

3.5 排序 - SearchSourceBuilder.sort(“age”, SortOrder.ASC);

/ 创建搜索请求对象
SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest();
request.indices("user");

// 构建查询的请求体
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
sourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.matchAllQuery());
// 排序
sourceBuilder.sort("age", SortOrder.ASC);
request.source(sourceBuilder);
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

3.6 组合查询 - BoolQueryBuilder

// 创建搜索请求对象
SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest();
request.indices("user");
// 构建查询的请求体
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
BoolQueryBuilder boolQueryBuilder = QueryBuilders.boolQuery();
// 必须包含
boolQueryBuilder.must(QueryBuilders.matchQuery("age", "30"));
// 一定不含
boolQueryBuilder.mustNot(QueryBuilders.matchQuery("name", "zhangsan"));
// 可能包含
boolQueryBuilder.should(QueryBuilders.matchQuery("sex", "男"));
sourceBuilder.query(boolQueryBuilder);
request.source(sourceBuilder);
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

3.7 范围查询 - RangeQueryBuilder

// 创建搜索请求对象
SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest();
request.indices("user");
// 构建查询的请求体
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
RangeQueryBuilder rangeQuery = QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("age");
// 大于等于
//rangeQuery.gte("30");
// 小于等于
rangeQuery.lte("40");
sourceBuilder.query(rangeQuery);
request.source(sourceBuilder);
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

3.8 高亮查询 - HighlightBuilder

/ 高亮查询
SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest().indices("user");
//2.创建查询请求体构建器
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
//构建查询方式：高亮查询
TermsQueryBuilder termsQueryBuilder =
        QueryBuilders.termsQuery("name","zhangsan");
//设置查询方式
sourceBuilder.query(termsQueryBuilder);
//构建高亮字段
HighlightBuilder highlightBuilder = new HighlightBuilder();
highlightBuilder.preTags("<font color='red'>");//设置标签前缀
highlightBuilder.postTags("</font>");//设置标签后缀
highlightBuilder.field("name");//设置高亮字段
//设置高亮构建对象
sourceBuilder.highlighter(highlightBuilder);
//设置请求体
request.source(sourceBuilder);
//3.客户端发送请求，获取响应对象
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

3.9 最大值查询 - AggregationBuilders.max(“maxAge”).field(“age”)

SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest().indices("user");
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
sourceBuilder.aggregation(AggregationBuilders.max("maxAge").field("age"));
//设置请求体
request.source(sourceBuilder);
//3.客户端发送请求，获取响应对象
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

3.10 分组查询 - AggregationBuilders.terms(“age_groupby”).field(“age”)

SearchRequest request = new SearchRequest().indices("user");
SearchSourceBuilder sourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();
sourceBuilder.aggregation(AggregationBuilders.terms("age_groupby").field("age"));
//设置请求体
request.source(sourceBuilder);
//3.客户端发送请求，获取响应对象
SearchResponse response = client.search(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);