异常

1、概念

  异常是一个程序执行期间发生的事件，它中断了正在执行的程序的正常指令流。

2、常见异常

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException 数组下标越界异常
NullPointerException 空指针异常
ClassCastException 类型转换异常
StringIndexOutOfBoundsException 字符串索引超出范围抛出的异常

3、捕捉异常

异常捕捉结构由try、catch和finally组成。

1. try语句块存放的是可能发生异常的java语句
2. catch程序块在try之后，用来激发被捕获的异常
3. finally语句块是异常处理结构的最后执行部分，无论try中的代码如何退出，都将执行finally语句块。

4、方法中抛出异常

  若某个方法可能会发生异常，但不想在当前方法中处理这个异常，则可以使用throws、throw关键字在方法中抛出异常。

1.使用throws关键字抛出异常

  throws关键字通常被应用在声明方法时，用来指定方法可以抛出的异常。多个异常可使用逗号分隔。

public class Shoot {
	static void pop() throws NegativeArraySizeException{
		//定义方法并抛出NegativeArraySizeException异常
		int[] arr = new int[-3];           					//创建数组
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		try {												//try语句处理异常信息
			pop();											//调用pop()方法
		} catch (NegativeArraySizeException e) {
			System.out.println("pop()方法抛出的异常");		//输出异常信息
		}
	}
}

注意：throws关键字将异常抛给上一级后，如果不想处理该异常，可以继续向上抛出，但最终要有能够处理该异常的代码。

2.使用throw关键字抛出异常

//创建自定义异常类
public class MyException extends Exception{	
	String message;
	public MyException (String ErrorMessagr) {//父类方法
		message = ErrorMessagr;
	}
	public String getMessage() {//覆盖getMessage方法
		return message;
	}
}
//使用throw关键字捕捉异常
public class Captor {
	static int quotient(int x,int y) throws MyException{//定义方法抛出异常
		if (y<0) {
			throw new MyException("除数不能是负数");//异常信息
		}
		return x/y;
	}	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		try {									//try语句包含可能发生异常的语句
			int result = quotient(3, -1);		//调用quotient方法
		} catch (MyException e) {				//处理自定义异常
			System.out.println(e.getMessage());
		} catch (ArithmeticException e) {		//处理ArithmeticException异常
			System.out.println("除数不能为0");
		} catch (Exception e) {					//处理其他异常
			System.out.println("程序发生了其他的异常");
		}
	}
}

5、异常链

简单实例：

//CrashCar1Exception异常
public class CrashCar1Exception extends Exception{

	public CrashCar1Exception() {
		super();
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar1Exception(String message, Throwable cause) {
		super(message, cause);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar1Exception(String message) {
		super(message);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar1Exception(Throwable cause) {
		super(cause);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}
}
// CrashCar2Exception异常
public class CrashCar2Exception extends Exception{

	public CrashCar2Exception() {
		super();
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar2Exception(String message, Throwable cause) {
		super(message, cause);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar2Exception(String message) {
		super(message);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar2Exception(Throwable cause) {
		super(cause);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}
}
// CrashCar3Exception 异常
public class CrashCar3Exception extends Exception{

	public CrashCar3Exception() {
		super();
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar3Exception(String message, Throwable cause) {
		super(message, cause);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar3Exception(String message) {
		super(message);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar3Exception(Throwable cause) {
		super(cause);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}
}
//
public class CrashCar4Exception extends Exception{

	public CrashCar4Exception() {
		super();
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar4Exception(String message, Throwable cause) {
		super(message, cause);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar4Exception(String message) {
		super(message);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public CrashCar4Exception(Throwable cause) {
		super(cause);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}
}
//User 类
public class User {
	boolean accelerator ;
	String userName;
	public boolean isAccelerator() {
		return accelerator;
	}
	public void setAccelerator(boolean accelerator) {
		this.accelerator = accelerator;
	}
	public String getUserName() {
		return userName;
	}
	public void setUserName(String userName) {
		this.userName = userName;
	}
}
//测试类
public class Text {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		User user =new User();
		user.userName =null;
		user.accelerator =false;
		try {
			car4(user);
		} catch (CrashCar4Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
	}
	
	public static boolean car1(User user) throws CrashCar1Exception {
		if (user.getUserName()!=null) {
			if (user.accelerator) {
				throw new CrashCar1Exception("第一辆车追尾了");
			}else {
				return true;
			}
		}
		throw new CrashCar1Exception("车里没人撞车了！");
	}
	
	public static boolean car2(User user) throws CrashCar2Exception {
		try {
			boolean car1 = car1(user);
			return car1;
		} catch (CrashCar1Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			throw new CrashCar2Exception("第二辆车追尾了",e);
		} 
	}
	
	public static boolean car3(User user) throws CrashCar3Exception {
		try {
			boolean car2 = car2(user);
			return car2;
		} catch (CrashCar2Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			throw new CrashCar3Exception("第三辆车追尾了",e);
		} 
	}
	
	public static boolean car4(User user) throws CrashCar4Exception {
		try {
			boolean car3 = car3(user);
			return car3;
		} catch (CrashCar3Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			throw new CrashCar4Exception("第四辆车追尾了",e);
		} 
	}
}