目录
枚举类enum
当我们需要定义常量时,一个办法是用大写变量通过整数来定义,例如月份:
JAN = 1
FEB = 2
MAR = 3
...
NOV = 11
DEC = 12
好处是简单,缺点是类型是int
,并且仍然是变量。
更好的方法是为这样的枚举类型定义一个class类型,然后,每个常量都是class的一个唯一实例。Python提供了Enum
类来实现这个功能:
from enum import Enum
Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
for name, member in Month.__members__.items():
print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)
Jan => Month.Jan , 1
Feb => Month.Feb , 2
Mar => Month.Mar , 3
Apr => Month.Apr , 4
May => Month.May , 5
Jun => Month.Jun , 6
Jul => Month.Jul , 7
Aug => Month.Aug , 8
Sep => Month.Sep , 9
Oct => Month.Oct , 10
Nov => Month.Nov , 11
Dec => Month.Dec , 12
value
属性则是自动赋给成员的int
常量,默认从1
开始计数。
如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型,可以从Enum
派生出自定义类:
from enum import Enum, unique
@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
Mon = 1
Tue = 2
Wed = 3
Thu = 4
Fri = 5
Sat = 6
#调用枚举成员的 3 种方式
>>>print(print(Weekday.Tue))
Weekday.Tue
>>>print(Weekday['Tue'])
Weekday.Tue
>>>print(Weekday(1))
Weekday.Mon
#调取枚举成员中的 value 和 name
>>>print(Weekday.Mon.value)
1
>>>print(Weekday.Mon.name)
Mon
#遍历枚举类中所有成员的2种方式
>>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():
... print(name, '=>', member)
...
Sun => Weekday.Sun
Mon => Weekday.Mon
Tue => Weekday.Tue
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