git使用教程八：标签管理

标签管理

在版本管理中，我们想要退回一个历史版本，要使用 git reset --hard <版本编号/^HEAD> 指令，使用指针^HEAD太麻烦，使用版本编号版本编号不容易记住，有没有好点的办法，更容易对各个版本的管理呢，办法当然有，那就是使用标签，创建标签很简单，使用git tag 命令就可以：

$ git branch
* master
$ git tag v1.0

这样就在master分支上创建了一个标签，标签名字v1.0，通过git tag可以查看创建的所有标签

$ git tag
v1.0

通过git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit命令可以查看所有的历史版本。

$ git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
18233d5 (HEAD -> master, tag: v1.0) test file add new
561ca86 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) add file test.txt
b0e2922 add file git1/git1.log
e1c4305 add dir git1
50bbda8 rm test.txt
d6b3450 add file test.txt
09dd2d4 aaaaaa
9ba73aa dddd
bf80d0d add midfi readme.txt
4757dea modif 'readme.txt' ,add file LICENSE
26d2b1f {readme.txt}
b88de02 {readme.txt} {add file if_for}
f63d6c1 add file hello.py
8ff01a6 add fun.py
457f80c append GPL
70e2010 wrote a readme file

现在我们看看打标签有什么好处，我们先回到以前的历史版本561ca86

$ git reset --hard 561ca86
HEAD is now at 561ca86 add file test.txt

现在看看历史版本，已经回到了版本561ca86

$ git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
561ca86 (HEAD -> master, origin/master, origin/HEAD) add file test.txt
b0e2922 add file git1/git1.log
e1c4305 add dir git1
50bbda8 rm test.txt
d6b3450 add file test.txt
09dd2d4 aaaaaa
9ba73aa dddd
bf80d0d add midfi readme.txt
4757dea modif 'readme.txt' ,add file LICENSE
26d2b1f {readme.txt}
b88de02 {readme.txt} {add file if_for}
f63d6c1 add file hello.py
8ff01a6 add fun.py
457f80c append GPL
70e2010 wrote a readme file

现在要想回到v1.0版本，就不用在记住原来的commit编号了，只要急着标签就行了：

$ git reset --hard v1.0
HEAD is now at 18233d5 test file add new
$ git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
18233d5 (HEAD -> master, tag: v1.0) test file add new
561ca86 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) add file test.txt
b0e2922 add file git1/git1.log
e1c4305 add dir git1
50bbda8 rm test.txt
d6b3450 add file test.txt
09dd2d4 aaaaaa
9ba73aa dddd
bf80d0d add midfi readme.txt
4757dea modif 'readme.txt' ,add file LICENSE
26d2b1f {readme.txt}
b88de02 {readme.txt} {add file if_for}
f63d6c1 add file hello.py
8ff01a6 add fun.py
457f80c append GPL
70e2010 wrote a readme file

版本又回到了v1.0，是不是很方便，这样只要给每个历史版本打上标签，就可以不用记commit编号就可以对各个历史版本进行方便的管理。给历史版本打上标签的方法是使用命令git tag <tag_name> <commit_id>:

$ git tag v0.9 561ca86
$ git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
18233d5 (HEAD -> master, tag: v1.0) test file add new
561ca86 (tag: v0.9, origin/master, origin/HEAD) add file test.txt
b0e2922 add file git1/git1.log
e1c4305 add dir git1
50bbda8 rm test.txt
d6b3450 add file test.txt
09dd2d4 aaaaaa
9ba73aa dddd
bf80d0d add midfi readme.txt
4757dea modif 'readme.txt' ,add file LICENSE
26d2b1f {readme.txt}
b88de02 {readme.txt} {add file if_for}
f63d6c1 add file hello.py
8ff01a6 add fun.py
457f80c append GPL
70e2010 wrote a readme file

这样就给版本561ca86版本加上标v0.9。

还可以创建带说明的标签，使用命令 git tag -a <tag_name> -m <“说明文字”> <commit_id>。

$ git tag -a v0.1 -m "this is version v0.1" 70e2010
$ git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
18233d5 (HEAD -> master, tag: v1.0) test file add new
561ca86 (tag: v0.9, origin/master, origin/HEAD) add file test.txt
b0e2922 add file git1/git1.log
e1c4305 add dir git1
50bbda8 rm test.txt
d6b3450 add file test.txt
09dd2d4 aaaaaa
9ba73aa dddd
bf80d0d add midfi readme.txt
4757dea modif 'readme.txt' ,add file LICENSE
26d2b1f {readme.txt}
b88de02 {readme.txt} {add file if_for}
f63d6c1 add file hello.py
8ff01a6 add fun.py
457f80c append GPL
70e2010 (tag: v0.1) wrote a readme file

使用git show <tag_name>可以看到文字说明

$ git show v0.1
tag v0.1
Tagger: hyd <hydfreeman@163.com>
Date:   Sat Mar 23 19:21:01 2019 +0800

this is version v0.1

commit 70e2010d0a2b1ccd9d7734d5c2219f770c219588 (tag: v0.1)
Author: hyd <hydfreeman@163.com>
Date:   Wed Mar 6 14:38:49 2019 +0800

wrote a readme file

diff --git a/readme.txt b/readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4db76c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Git is a version control system.
+Git is a free software.
\ No newline at end of file

现在我创建了一个标签，突然发现创建错了，怎么办，这时可以删除比如我们将v0.9标签删除：

$ git tag -d v0.9
Deleted tag 'v0.9' (was 561ca86)

再用git tag查看，发现v0.9标签不见了，但是版本561ca86还在，可见只是删除了标签，版本没有删除

$ git tag
v0.1
v1.0
$ git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
18233d5 (HEAD -> master, tag: v1.0) test file add new
561ca86 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) add file test.txt
b0e2922 add file git1/git1.log
e1c4305 add dir git1
50bbda8 rm test.txt
d6b3450 add file test.txt
09dd2d4 aaaaaa
9ba73aa dddd
bf80d0d add midfi readme.txt
4757dea modif 'readme.txt' ,add file LICENSE
26d2b1f {readme.txt}
b88de02 {readme.txt} {add file if_for}
f63d6c1 add file hello.py
8ff01a6 add fun.py
457f80c append GPL
70e2010 (tag: v0.1) wrote a readme file

因为创建的标签都只存储在本地，不会自动推送到远程。所以，打错的标签可以在本地安全删除。如果要推送某个标签到远程，使用命令git push origin ：

$ git push origin v1.0
Warning: Permanently added the RSA host key for IP address '52.74.223.119' to the list of known hosts.
Counting objects: 3, done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 257 bytes | 128.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), completed with 1 local object.
To github.com:hyd861001/my_python.git
 * [new tag] v1.0 -> v1.0

或者一次性推送所有尚未推送的本地标签

$ git push origin --tags
Counting objects: 1, done.
Writing objects: 100% (1/1), 160 bytes | 160.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:hyd861001/my_python.git
 * [new tag] v0.1 -> v0.1

如果要删除远程标签，就要首先删除本地标签：

$ git tag -d v0.1
Deleted tag 'v0.1' (was 3ecb4b0)

然后再远程删除，删除命令也是使用push：

$ git push origin :refs/tags/v0.1
To github.com:hyd861001/my_python.git
    - [deleted] v0.1