Chapter08 继承

1. 扩展类

  • 扩展的方法是使用extends关键字
    class Person {
      var name = ""
    }

    class Employee extends Person {
      var salary = 0.0
      def description = "An employee with name " + name + " and salary " + salary
    }

    object Main extends App {
      val fred = new Employee
      fred.name = "Fred"
      fred.salary = 50000
      println(fred.description)
    }
  • 在类、方法或字段前加final关键字,这样类或方法就不会被扩展或重写。

2. 重写方法

  • Scala重写一个非抽象方法,必须用override修饰符。
    class Person {
      var name = ""
      override def toString = getClass.getName + "[name=" + name + "]"
    }

    class Employee extends Person {
      var salary = 0.0
      override def toString = super.toString + "[salary=" + salary + "]"
    }

    object Main extends App {
      val fred = new Employee
      fred.name = "Fred"
      fred.salary = 50000
      println(fred)
    }
  • 调用超类(父类),使用super关键字。

3. 类型检查和转换

  • isInstanceOf方法,测试某个对象是否属于某个给定类。

  • asinstancdOf方法,将引用转换为子类的引用。

  • classOf测试p是Employee对象但又不是子类。

    class Person {
      var name = ""
      override def toString = getClass.getName + "[name=" + name + "]"
    }

    class Employee extends Person {
      var salary = 0.0
      override def toString = super.toString + "[salary=" + salary + "]"
    }

    class Manager extends Employee

    object Main extends App {
      val r = scala.math.random
      val p = if (r < 0.33) new Person 
        else if (r < 0.67) new Employee 
        else new Manager  
      if (p.isInstanceOf[Employee]) {     
        val s = p.asInstanceOf[Employee] // s has type Employee
        println("It's an employee.")
        s.salary = 50000
        if (p.getClass == classOf[Manager]) {
          println("Actually, it's a manager")
          s.salary *= 2
        }
      }
      println(p)
    }

4. 受保护字段和方法

  • 字段或方法声明为protected,这样的成员可以被任意子类访问,但不能从其他位置看到。

  • protected的成员对类所属的包是不可见的。

  • protected[this]将访问权限限定在当前对象。


5. 超类的构造

  • 只有主构造器可以调用超类的构造器
    class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {
      override def toString = getClass.getName + "[name=" + name +
        ",age=" + age + "]"
    }

    class Employee(name: String, age: Int, val salary : Double) extends
      Person(name, age) {
      override def toString = super.toString + "[salary=" + salary + "]"
    }

    new Employee("Fred", 42, 50000)

6. 重写字段

  • 重写有如下限制:

    1. def只重写另一个def。
    2. val只能重写另一个val或不带参数的def。
    3. var只能重写另一个抽象的var。

    重写val/def/var

    class Person(val name: String) {
      override def toString = getClass.getName + "[name=" + name + "]"
    }

    class SecretAgent(codename: String) extends Person(codename) {
      override val name = "secret" // 不暴露真名
      override val toString = "secret" // ...或类名
    }

    val fred = new Person("Fred")
    fred.name
    val james = new SecretAgent("007")
    james.name

    // 用val重写抽象类的def
    abstract class Person {  
      def id: Int    
    }

    class Student(override val id: Int) extends Person

    class SecretAgent extends Person {
      override val id = scala.util.Random.nextInt
    }

    val fred = new Student(1729)
    fred.id
    val james = new SecretAgent
    james.id

7. 匿名子类

  • 通过包含带有定义或重写的代码块的方法创建一个匿名的子类。

  • 匿名类作为参数的定义类型为:Person{def greeting:String}

    class Person(val name: String) {
      override def toString = getClass.getName + "[name=" + name + "]"
    }

    val alien = new Person("Fred") {
      def greeting = "Greetings, Earthling! My name is Fred."
    }

    def meet(p: Person{def greeting: String}) {
      println(p.name + " says: " + p.greeting)
    }

    meet(alien)

8. 抽象类

  • abstract关键字标记不能被实例化的类,因为它的某个或几个方法没有被定义,这种没有方法体的方法是抽象方法

  • 某个类存在抽象方法,则必须申明为abstract。有抽象方法以及下面将提到的抽象字段的存在才导致了抽象类的出现。

  • 子类中重写超类的抽象方法时,不需要使用override关键字。

    abstract class Person(val name: String) {
      def id: Int // 没有方法体的方法是 抽象方法 
    }

    class Employee(name: String) extends Person(name) {
      def id = name.hashCode // override 不需要
    }

    val fred = new Employee("Fred")
    fred.id

9. 抽象字段

  • 抽象字段:没有初始值的字段。
    abstract class Person {
      val id: Int      // 没有初始化,带有抽象getter方法的抽象字段
      var name: String // 带有抽象getter和setter方法
      override def toString = getClass.getName + "[id=" + id + ",name=" + name + "]"
    }

    class Employee(val id: Int) extends Person { // 子类具体的id
      var name = "" 
    }

    val james = new Employee(7)

    val fred = new Person {
      val id = 1729
      var name = "Fred"
    }

10. 构造顺序和提前定义

  • 问题来源:子类将父类方法重写后,父类构造时对应的方法失效,由子类来构造。如下例,实际构造完成后rannge的值为2。
    class Creature {
      val range: Int = 10
      val env: Array[Int] = new Array[Int](range)
    }

    class Ant extends Creature {
      override val range = 2
    }
  • 有三种方法解决上述问题

    1. 将val申明为final,安全但不灵活。

    2. 将val申明为lazy,安全但不高效。

    3. 子类中使用提前定义

  • 提前定义:在超类构造之前初始化子类val字段,将val字段放在extends关键字之后的一个块中,块中不能包含类中其他字段。并且超类前用with关键字。

    class Creature {
      val range: Int = 10
      val env: Array[Int] = new Array[Int](range)
    }

    class Ant extends Creature {
      override val range = 2
    }

    class Bug extends {
      override val range = 3
    } with Creature

11. scala继承层级

  • 所有的Scala类都实现ScalaObject这个接口。

  • Any类是整个继承层级的根节点。

  • Null唯一实例是null值,可赋值给任何引用,但不能赋值给值类型变量

  • Unit类型它的值是()可赋值给任何值变量

  • Nothing类型没有实例。

     scala继承层级


【待续】

Title: Hacking Secret Ciphers with Python Author: Al Sweigart Length: 718 pages Edition: 1 Language: English Publication Date: 2015-04-24 ISBN-10: B00WOY87ZU Hacking Secret Ciphers with Python not only teaches you how to write in secret ciphers with paper and pencil. This book teaches you how to write your own cipher programs and also the hacking programs that can break the encrypted messages from these ciphers. Unfortunately, the programs in this book won’t get the reader in trouble with the law (or rather, fortunately) but it is a guide on the basics of both cryptography and the Python programming language. Instead of presenting a dull laundry list of concepts, this book provides the source code to several fun programming projects for adults and young adults. Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Making Paper Cryptography Tools Chapter 2 - Installing Python Chapter 3 - The Interactive Shell Chapter 4 - Strings and Writing Programs Chapter 5 - The Reverse Cipher Chapter 6 - The Caesar Cipher Chapter 7 - Hacking the Caesar Cipher with the Brute-Force Technique Chapter 8 - Encrypting with the Transposition Cipher Chapter 9 - Decrypting with the Transposition Cipher Chapter 10 - Programming a Program to Test Our Program Chapter 11 - Encrypting and Decrypting Files Chapter 12 - Detecting English Programmatically Chapter 13 - Hacking the Transposition Cipher Chapter 14 - Modular Arithmetic with the Multiplicative and Affine Ciphers Chapter 15 - The Affine Cipher Chapter 16 - Hacking the Affine Cipher Chapter 17 - The Simple Substitution Cipher Chapter 18 - Hacking the Simple Substitution Cipher Chapter 19 - The Vigenère Cipher Chapter 20 - Frequency Analysis Chapter 21 - Hacking the Vigenère Cipher Chapter 22 - The One-Time Pad Cipher Chapter 23 - Finding Prime Numbers Chapter 24 - Public Key Cryptography and the RSA Cipher
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