Python - class

c++ & python modula-3

a basic class:

class ClassName:
    <statement-1>
    .
    .
    .
    <statement-N>

it will generate a new namespace

class MyClass:
    "A simple example class"
    i = 12345
    def f(self):
        return 'hello world'

x = MyClass()

initial

    def __init__(self):
        self.data = []

>>> class Complex:
...     def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):
...         self.r = realpart
...         self.i = imagpart
... 
>>> x = Complex(3.0, -4.5)
>>> x.r, x.i
(3.0, -4.5)

realization object

1. data property

x.counter = 1
while x.counter < 10:
    x.counter = x.counter * 2
print x.counter
del x.counter

2. cite property

objects are not the only owner of  functions, class have the authority as well, and there is some things different between them still.

# Function defined outside the class
def f1(self, x, y):
    return min(x, x+y)

class C:
    f = f1
    def g(self):
        return 'hello world'
    h = g

class Bag:
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = []
    def add(self, x):
        self.data.append(x)
    def addtwice(self, x):
        self.add(x)
        self.add(x)

derived:

class DerivedClassName(BaseClassName):
    <statement-1>
    .
    .
    .
    <statement-N>

all function in python are virtual for c++ programer

class DerivedClassName(Base1, Base2, Base3):
    <statement-1>
    .
    .
    .
    <statement-N>

exception is a class as well

iterator

for element in [1, 2, 3]:
    print element
for element in (1, 2, 3):
    print element
for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}:
    print key
for char in "123":
    print char
for line in open("myfile.txt"):
    print line

>>> s = 'abc'
>>> it = iter(s)
>>> it
<iterator object at 0x00A1DB50>
>>> it.next()
'a'
>>> it.next()
'b'
>>> it.next()
'c'
>>> it.next()

>>> class Reverse:
    "Iterator for looping over a sequence backwards"
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.index = len(data)
    def __iter__(self):
        return self
    def next(self):
        if self.index == 0:
            raise StopIteration
        self.index = self.index - 1
        return self.data[self.index]

>>> for char in Reverse('spam'):
        print char

generator

>>> def reverse(data):
        for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1):
                yield data[index]
                
>>> for char in reverse('golf'):
        print char