JavaScript Item37—— 面向对象高级程序设计

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-01 15:40:52 发布

zealifree005

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-01 15:40:52 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zealifree005/article/details/51095125

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1. JS是基于原型的程序

建立一个简单的面向对象的类。有属性，有方法。

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.name = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'小明'</span>;
}
Aaa.prototype.showName = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    alert( <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.name );
};

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> a1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Aaa();
a1.showName();</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

在JS的自身的对象中，也是new一个对象，然后调用方法，比如：

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span>();
arr.push();
arr.sort();</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

在JS源码 : 系统对象也是基于原型的程序。比如：

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.lenglth = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span>.prototype.push = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>};
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span>.prototype.sort = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>};</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

尽量不要去修改或者添加系统对象下面的方法和属性，这样会改变系统的方法。

<code class="hljs delphi has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>];
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span>.prototype.push = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">{}</span>
<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">arr</span>.<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">push</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">(4,5,6)</span>;</span>
alert( arr );</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

这样修改后，push方法就失效了，覆盖了JS本省的push方法。

那么如何自己重写Array的push方法呢？

<code class="hljs actionscript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>];
Array.prototype.push = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//this : 1,2,3</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//arguments : 4,5,6</span>

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> i=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;i<arguments.length;i++){
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>[<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.length] = arguments[i]
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.length;
};

arr.push(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>);

alert( arr );*/

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//pop shift unshift splice sort</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>

2.JS中的包装对象

我们知道js的基本数据类型有 string, number, boolean, null, undefined, object.但是当你看到下面的代码时，你发现了什么？

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">var <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'hello'</span>;

alert( typeof <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span> );<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//String</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span>.charAt(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span>.indexOf(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'e'</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

除了对象可以调用方法，为什么基本数据类型也可以？这是因为在js中，string, number, boolean都有自己的包装对象。String Number Boolean

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> str = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'hello'</span>);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//通过构造函数构造的数据类型就是对象了，可以直接调用方法了</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//alert( typeof str );</span>

alert(str.charAt(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>));

<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span>.prototype.charAt = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>};</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

那基本类型调用方法时，发生了什么呢？

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">var <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'hello'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span>.charAt(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>);  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//基本类型会找到对应的包装对象类型，然后包装对象把所有的属性和方法给了基本类型，然后包装对象消失，包装类型就和快递员一样。</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

比如要实现字符串的一个lastValue方法：

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> str = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'hello'</span>;

<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span>.prototype.lastValue = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.charAt(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.length-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
};

alert( str.lastValue() ); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//o</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

str通过原型继承，使本身具有了lastValue()方法，所以可以直接调用，我们再来看个例子：

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">var <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'hello'</span>;

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span>.number = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;

alert( <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">str</span>.number );  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//undefined</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

这里为什么是undefined，因为这里包装类型并没有把number共享给str，只是自己有，而复制完消失，str.name没有接受到值，变成undefined。

3. JS中的原型链

在js中，实例对象与原型之间的连接，叫做原型链，原型链之间的连接叫__proto__( 隐式连接 )

原型链的最外层是Object。

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>

}
Aaa.prototype.num = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> a1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Aaa();
alert(a1.num);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

比如我们一般的定义一个对象Aaa,并在原型上定义了一个属性num，新new的a1是怎么访问到原型上的属性的呢？

这里就是a1有一个__proto__属性，指向Aaa.prototype原型对象，顾可以访问到。

假如这样呢？

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.num = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>;
}
Aaa.prototype.num = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> a1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Aaa();
alert(a1.num);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//20</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

这里有两个num,弹出的是哪一个呢？这就是原型链的规则，先从本身对象找，本身对象没有到原型对象上找，。。。。。一直找下去，何处是尽头？知道找到object的原型，如果没有就报错，因为object的原型是null,这个原型连接起来的链就是一条原型链。看例子

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//this.num = 20;</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//Aaa.prototype.num = 10;</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Object</span>.prototype.num = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span>;

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> a1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Aaa();
alert(a1.num);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

4. 面向对象的一些常用属性和方法

hasOwnProperty() : 看是不是对象自身下面的属性

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">var arr = [];
arr.num = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;
<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span>.prototype.num2 = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>;

<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//alert</span>(  arr.hasOwnProperty(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'num'</span>)  );  <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span>

alert(  arr.hasOwnProperty(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'num2'</span>)  );  <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//false</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

constructor : 查看对象的构造函数
- 每个原型都会自动添加constructor属性
- For in 的时候有些属性是找不到的
- 避免修改construtor属性

<code class="hljs delphi has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">{
}</span>

<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a1</span> = <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>;</span>

alert( a1.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">constructor</span> );  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//Aaa</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr = [];
alert( arr.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">constructor</span> == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span> );  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

每个对象的原型的构造函数都自动指向本身，可以修改为别的，但是不建议修改：

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//Aaa.prototype.constructor = Aaa;   //每一个函数都会有的，都是自动生成的</span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//Aaa.prototype.constructor = Array;</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> a1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Aaa();</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

alert( a1.hasOwnProperty == Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty );  //true

说明hasOwnProperty 属性是通过原型链，在Object.prototype原型上的。

有时候我们会不经意的就把原型修改了，这个时候我们就要把原型修正一下：

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
}

Aaa.prototype.name = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'小明'</span>;<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//采用这种原型继承，constructor没有改变</span>
Aaa.prototype.age = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>;

Aaa.prototype = {<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//采用json格式的对象，这就是相当于一个Object对象赋值，所以constructor变为了Object。</span>
    constructor : Aaa,
    name : <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'小明'</span>,
    age : <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>
};

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> a1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Aaa();
alert( a1.constructor );</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

采用for in循环，是循环不到原型上constructor属性的。

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
}

Aaa.prototype.name = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;
Aaa.prototype.constructor = Aaa;

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span>( <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> attr <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> Aaa.prototype ){
    alert(attr);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//只有name</span>
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

instanceof : 运算符。对象与构造函数在原型链上是否有关系【对象是否是构造函数的一个实例】

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aaa</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
}

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> a1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Aaa();

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//alert( a1 instanceof Object );  //true</span>


<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr = [];

alert( arr <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span> );<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true;</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

toString() : 系统对象下面都是自带的 , 自己写的对象都是通过原型链找object下面的。主要做一些解析，主要用于Array、Boolean、Date、Object、Number等对象

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr = [];
alert( arr.toString == Object.prototype.toString ); <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>*/

/*<span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> Aaa(){
}
<span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> a1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Aaa();
alert( a1.toString == Object.prototype.toString );  <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>*/</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

- 把对象转成字符串

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">/*var arr = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>];

    Array.prototype.toString = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span></span>{
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> this.join(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'+'</span>);
    };

    alert( arr.toString() );  //<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'1+2+3'</span>*/</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

做进制转换，默认10进制

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//var num = 255;</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//alert( num.toString(16) );  //'ff'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

最重要一点是做类型判断

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//利用toString做类型的判断 : </span>

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/*var arr = [];

alert( Object.prototype.toString.call(arr) == '[object Array]' ); */</span> 
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//'[object Array]'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

类型判断的常用方法：三种typeof是不行的，根本区分不开。假如判断一个数据类型是数组？

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">alert( arr.constructor == <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span> );  

alert( arr <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span> );  

alert( <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Object</span>.prototype.toString.call(arr) == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'[object Array]'</span> ); </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

但是在一种很特殊的情况下，就只能用第三种，在iframe中创建一个数组，前两种方法就会失效，但是在大多数情况下，还是可以的。

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">window</span>.onload = <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">function</span>(){

    <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> oF = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">document</span>.createElement(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'iframe'</span>);
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">document</span>.body.appendChild( oF );

    <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> ifArray = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">window</span>.frames[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>].Array;

    <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ifArray();

    <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>alert( arr.constructor == Array );  <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>

    <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>alert( arr <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">instanceof</span> Array );  <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>

    alert( Object.prototype.toString.call(arr) == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'[object Array]'</span> );  <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>   
};</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li></ul>

5. JS对象的继承

什么是继承？
在原有对象的基础上，略作修改，得到一个新的对象不影响原有对象的功能。

其基本思想是利用原型让一个引用类型继承另一个引用类型的属性和方法。

构造函数、原型和实例的关系：每个构造函数都有一个原型对象，原型对象都包含一个指向构造函数的指针，而实例都包含一个指向原型对象的内部指针_proto_。

1.原型继承

实现原型链有一种基本模式，其代码大致如下:

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SuperType</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.property = <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.property;
};

<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SubType</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.subproperty = <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//继承了SuperType</span>
SubType.prototype = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SuperType();
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.subproperty;
};

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> instance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li></ul>

以上代码定义了两个类型：SuperType 和SubType。每个类型分别有一个属性和一个方法。它们的主要区别是SubType 继承了SuperType，而继承是通过创建SuperType 的实例，并将该实例赋给SubType.prototype 实现的。实现的本质是重写原型对象，代之以一个新类型的实例。换句话说，原来存在于SuperType 的实例中的所有属性和方法，现在也存在于SubType.prototype 中了。在确立了继承关系之后，我们给SubType.prototype 添加了一个方法，这样就在继承了SuperType 的属性和方法的基础上又添加了一个新方法。这个例子中的实例以及构造函数和原型之间的关系如图

我们没有使用SubType 默认提供的原型，而是给它换了一个新原型；这个新原型就是SuperType 的实例。于是，新原型不仅具有作为一个SuperType 的实例所拥有的全部属性和方法，而且其内部还有一个指针，指向了SuperType 的原型。

我们知道，所有引用类型默认都继承了Object，而这个继承也是通过原型链实现的，上面例子展示的原型链中还应该包括另外一个继承层次。

可以通过两种方式来确定原型和实例之间的关系instanceof操作符，isPrototypeOf()方法。

<code class="hljs scss has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">alert(instance instanceof Object)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span>
<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">alert(instance instanceof SuperType)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span>
<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">alert(instance instanceof SubType)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span>

<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">alert(Object.prototype.<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">isPrototypeOf(instance)</span>)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span>
<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">alert(SuperType.prototype.<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">isPrototypeOf(instance)</span>)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span>
<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">alert(SubType.prototype.<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;">isPrototypeOf(instance)</span>)</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//true</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

原型继承注意点：

（1）子类型有时候需要重写父类型中的某个方法，或者需要添加超类型中不存在的某个方法。但不管怎
样，给原型添加方法的代码一定要放在替换原型的语句之后。

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SuperType</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.property = <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.property;
};
<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SubType</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.subproperty = <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//继承了SuperType</span>
SubType.prototype = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SuperType();
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//添加新方法，一定放在原型替换之后，不然会被覆盖掉的哦。</span>
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.subproperty;
};
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//重写超类型中的方法</span>
    SubType.prototype.getSuperValue = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>;
    };
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> instance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SubType();
    alert(instance.getSuperValue()); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//false</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li></ul>

（2）通过原型链实现继承时，不能使用对象字面量创建原型方法。因为这样做就会重写原型链，直接被json取代。

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SuperType</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.property = <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.property;
};
<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SubType</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.subproperty = <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//继承了SuperType</span>
SubType.prototype = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SuperType();
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//使用字面量添加新方法，会导致上一行代码无效</span>
SubType.prototype = {
    getSubValue : <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.subproperty;
    },
    someOtherMethod : <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>;
    }
};
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> instance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//error!</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li></ul>

原型链的问题

原型链虽然很强大，可以用它来实现继承，但它也存在一些问题。其中，最主要的问题来自包含引用类型值的原型。包含引用类型值的原型属性会被所有实例共享；在通过原型来实现继承时，原型实际上会变成另一个类型的实例。于是，原来实例的属性也就顺理成章地变成了现在的原型属性了。引用类型共享了数据。。。

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SuperType</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.colors = [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"red"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"blue"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"green"</span>];
}
<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">SubType</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">()</span>{</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//继承了SuperType</span>
SubType.prototype = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SuperType();

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> instance1 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SubType();
instance1.colors.push(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"black"</span>);
alert(instance1.colors); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//"red,blue,green,black"</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> instance2 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> SubType();
alert(instance2.colors); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//"red,blue,green,black"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

这个例子中的SuperType 构造函数定义了一个colors 属性，该属性包含一个数组（引用类型值）。SuperType 的每个实例都会有各自包含自己数组的colors 属性。当SubType 通过原型链继承了SuperType 之后，SubType.prototype 就变成了SuperType 的一个实例，因此它也拥有了一个它自己的colors 属性——就跟专门创建了一个SubType.prototype.colors 属性一样。但结果是什么呢？结果是SubType 的所有实例都会共享这一个colors 属性。而我们对instance1.colors 的修改能够通过instance2.colors 反映出来，就已经充分证实了这一点。

原型链的第二个问题是：在创建子类型的实例时，不能向超类型的构造函数中传递参数。实际上，应该说是没有办法在不影响所有对象实例的情况下，给超类型的构造函数传递参数。

zealifree005

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