python学习之异常处理

一、异常类型
（1）文件不存在：FileNotFoundError
(2)断言语句失败：AssertionError,当assert关键字后面的条件为假时，程序就会抛出AssertionError，assert语句一般是在测试程序的时候用于在代码程序中置入检查点

 my_list=["xiaoxiaohui"]
assert len(my_list)>0
my_list.pop()
assert len(my_list)>0

---

AssertionError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
2 assert len(my_list)>0
3 my_list.pop()
----> 4 assert len(my_list)>0

AssertionError:

(3)尝试访问未知的对象属性:AttributeError：对象属性不存在的时候

my_list=['小小慧程序员']
my_list.fail()

---

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
1 my_list=[‘小小慧程序员’]
----> 2 my_list.fail()

AttributeError: ‘list’ object has no attribute ‘fail’
(4)索引超出序列范围：IndexError

my_list=[1,2,3]
my_list[3]

---

IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
1 my_list=[1,2,3]
----> 2 my_list[3]

IndexError: list index out of range
(5)在字典中查找一个不存在的关键字：KeyError

my_dict={"one":1,"two":2,"three":3}
my_dict["one"]
my_dict["four"]

---

KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
1 my_dict={“one”:1,“two”:2,“three”:3}
2 my_dict[“one”]
----> 3 my_dict[“four”]

KeyError: ‘four’
(6）尝试访问一个不存在的变量：NameError

my

---

NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
----> 1 my

NameError: name ‘my’ is not defined
(7)操作系统的异常OSError，上面打开一个不存在的文件，FileNotFoundError，属于操作系统异常的子类

(8)python语法错误：SyntaxError

print " i love you !"

File “”, line 1
print " i love you !"
^
SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to ‘print’. Did you mean print(" i love you !")?

(9)不同类型间的无效操作 TypeError

1+"1"

---

TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
----> 1 1+“1”

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: ‘int’ and ‘str’
(10)除数为0：ZeroDivisionError

5/0

---

ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
----> 1 5/0

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

二、异常处理机制
程序发生异常，python会停止运行，并抛出第一个traceback，
使用try—except代码块来处理异常代码，即便出现异常，程序也可也正常运行，而不是返回让人疑惑的traceback
使用方法：当你认为可能发生错误时，将错误的部分放入try后面，except后面跟着发生错误时你希望如何处理的语句
1.处理 ZeroDivisionError错误

try:
    print(5/0)
except ZeroDivisionError :
    print("you can not divide by zero !")

you can not divide by zero !
以上，将有错误的代码放入try中，如果try运行起来没有问题，将跳过except 执行后面语句，有问题，则执行except后面的语句，用户看到了一条友好的信息，而不是traceback

使用异常可以避免程序崩溃，尝试traceback，trackback中有一些信息不希望用户看到，使用except 是一种很好的选择，

print("please input two numbers,and i will divide them.")
print("please enter 'q' to end!")
while True:
    first_num=input("first number: ")
    if first_num=='q':
        break
    second_num=input("second number: ")
    if second_num=='q':
        break
    answer=int(first_num)/int(second_num)
    print(answer)

please input two numbers,and i will divide them.
please enter ‘q’ to end!
first number: 5
second number: 4
1.25
first number: 5
second number: 0

ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
8 if second_num==‘q’:
9 break
—> 10 answer=int(first_num)/int(second_num)
11 print(answer)

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
没有异常处理机制，程序崩溃

print("please input two numbers,and i will divide them.")
print("please enter 'q' to end!")
while True:
    first_num=input("first number: ")
    if first_num=='q':
        break
    second_num=input("second number: ")
    if second_num=='q':
        break
    try:
        answer=int(first_num)/int(second_num)
    except ZeroDivisionError :
        print("you can not divide by zero !")
    else:
        print(answer)

please input two numbers,and i will divide them.
please enter ‘q’ to end!
first number: 4
second number: 3
1.3333333333333333
first number: 4
second number: 0
you can not divide by zero !
first number:
以上，将可能出现错误的代码放在try后，如果有错，执行except，返回一条友好的语句“you can not divide by zero !”，程序继续运行，不会崩溃。依赖于try成功后需要执行的放入else后面执行
2.处理FileNotFoundError

filename="alice.txt"
with open(filename) as f_obj:
    contents=f_obj.read()

---

FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
1 filename=“alice.txt”
----> 2 with open(filename) as f_obj:
3 contents=f_obj.read()

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘alice.txt’
异常处理：

filename="alice.txt"
try:
    with open(filename) as f_obj:
        contents=f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    m="the file "+filename+" dose no exit !"
    print(m)

the file alice.txt dose no exit !
基于此，我们还可以同时处理多个文件

filenames=["alice.txt",r"C:\Users\zhangfayu\Desktop\nihao.txt"]
for filename in filenames:
    try:
        with open(filename) as f_obj:
            contents=f_obj.read()
    except FileNotFoundError:
        m="the file "+filename+" dose no exit !"
        print(m)
    else:
        print(contents)

the file alice.txt dose no exit !
你好，与股份有个下HSAVCJH玉\nsqcugwg h vYQGCY\N \n fbwb wef 2`gaugvy 2gvgcgzGKGCblaI喊我vcYYYhlvb挨次\n\n\n\n\n]n\m\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\naHDTcQ w dgy gyGchvcgvuvSCVgiavcgvcOUCyovvxzvcZKHcyCHVKcvGVKZZZ
cUHCv
ACYGC
Ci b
ZJKCBW
hello
hi
可以看出，第一个文件不存在，抛出友好提示“the file alice.txt dose no exit !”，这不影响第二个文件的正常打开
3.失败时一声不吭：

filenames=["alice.txt",r"C:\Users\zhangfayu\Desktop\nihao.txt"]
for filename in filenames:
    try:
        with open(filename) as f_obj:
            contents=f_obj.read()
    except FileNotFoundError:
        pass
    else:
        print(contents)

利用pass关键字，这样只会打开第二个文件，对于第一个文件的，不会输出traceback，也没有输出
pass还充当了占位符，可以便于以后的操作。

所以，在python中异常处理机制，trt-except-else，可以选择决定报告那些错误，用户只想看到结果，不想看到分析那些文件，就不需要将文件不存在的信息给他们，用pass即。python的错误处理结构让你能够细致的控制与用户分享错误信息的程度，要分享多少信息由你决定。