一、 职责链(Chain of Responsibility)模式
责任链模式是一种对象的行为模式【GOF95】。在责任链模式里,很多对象由每一个对象对其下家的引用而连接起来形成一条链。请求在这个链上传递,直到链上的某一个对象决定处理此请求。发出这个请求的客户端并不知道链上的哪一个对象最终处理这个请求,这使得系统可以在不影响客户端的情况下动态地重新组织链和分配责任。
从击鼓传花谈起
击鼓传花是一种热闹而又紧张的饮酒游戏。在酒宴上宾客依次坐定位置,由一人击鼓,击鼓的地方与传花的地方是分开的,以示公正。开始击鼓时,花束就开始依次传递,鼓声一落,如果花束在某人手中,则该人就得饮酒。
击鼓传花便是责任链模式的应用。责任链可能是一条直线、一个环链或者一个树结构的一部分。
二、 责任链模式的结构
责任链模式涉及到的角色如下所示:
抽象处理者(Handler)角色:定义出一个处理请求的接口。如果需要,接口可以定义出一个方法,以设定和返回对下家的引用。这个角色通常由一个抽象类或接口实现。
具体处理者(ConcreteHandler)角色:具体处理者接到请求后,可以选择将请求处理掉,或者将请求传给下家。由于具体处理者持有对下家的引用,因此,如果需要,具体处理者可以访问下家。
三、 责任链模式的示意性源代码
//
Chain of Responsibility pattern -- Structural example
using System;
// "Handler"
abstract class Handler
{
// Fields
protected Handler successor;
// Methods
public void SetSuccessor( Handler successor )
{
this.successor = successor;
}
abstract public void HandleRequest( int request );
}
// "ConcreteHandler1"
class ConcreteHandler1 : Handler
{
// Methods
override public void HandleRequest( int request )
{
if( request >= 0 && request < 10 )
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this, request );
else
if( successor != null )
successor.HandleRequest( request );
}
}
// "ConcreteHandler2"
class ConcreteHandler2 : Handler
{
// Methods
override public void HandleRequest( int request )
{
if( request >= 10 && request < 20 )
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this, request );
else
if( successor != null )
successor.HandleRequest( request );
}
}
// "ConcreteHandler3"
class ConcreteHandler3 : Handler
{
// Methods
override public void HandleRequest( int request )
{
if( request >= 20 && request < 30 )
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this, request );
else
if( successor != null )
successor.HandleRequest( request );
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Client test
/// </summary>
public class Client
{
public static void Main( string[] args )
{
// Setup Chain of Responsibility
Handler h1 = new ConcreteHandler1();
Handler h2 = new ConcreteHandler2();
Handler h3 = new ConcreteHandler3();
h1.SetSuccessor(h2);
h2.SetSuccessor(h3);
// Generate and process request
int[] requests = { 2, 5, 14, 22, 18, 3, 27, 20 };
foreach( int request in requests )
h1.HandleRequest( request );
}
}
using System;
// "Handler"
abstract class Handler
{
// Fields
protected Handler successor;
// Methods
public void SetSuccessor( Handler successor )
{
this.successor = successor;
}
abstract public void HandleRequest( int request );
}
// "ConcreteHandler1"
class ConcreteHandler1 : Handler
{
// Methods
override public void HandleRequest( int request )
{
if( request >= 0 && request < 10 )
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this, request );
else
if( successor != null )
successor.HandleRequest( request );
}
}
// "ConcreteHandler2"
class ConcreteHandler2 : Handler
{
// Methods
override public void HandleRequest( int request )
{
if( request >= 10 && request < 20 )
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this, request );
else
if( successor != null )
successor.HandleRequest( request );
}
}
// "ConcreteHandler3"
class ConcreteHandler3 : Handler
{
// Methods
override public void HandleRequest( int request )
{
if( request >= 20 && request < 30 )
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this, request );
else
if( successor != null )
successor.HandleRequest( request );
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Client test
/// </summary>
public class Client
{
public static void Main( string[] args )
{
// Setup Chain of Responsibility
Handler h1 = new ConcreteHandler1();
Handler h2 = new ConcreteHandler2();
Handler h3 = new ConcreteHandler3();
h1.SetSuccessor(h2);
h2.SetSuccessor(h3);
// Generate and process request
int[] requests = { 2, 5, 14, 22, 18, 3, 27, 20 };
foreach( int request in requests )
h1.HandleRequest( request );
}
}