Python总结

#（1）美观
ggplot(data = mpg) +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, color = class, size = class,
alpha = class, shape = size, color = displ < 5))
参数在aes()内，是根据class分组确定颜色，大小，透明度和形状。参数在aes()外，是对整个图形改变，如ggplot(data = mpg) + geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy), color = “blue”)

#（2）分面
ggplot(data = mpg) +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
facet_wrap(~ class, nrow = 2)

ggplot(data = mpg) +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
facet_grid(drv ~ cyl)

以下代码会绘制出什么图？ . 的作用是什么？
ggplot(data = mpg) +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
facet_grid(drv ~ .)

ggplot(data = mpg) +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
facet_grid(. ~ cyl)

#（3）集合对象
ggplot(data = mpg) +
geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy, linetype = drv, group = drv),
show.legend = FALSE, data = filter(mpg, class = “subcompact”),
se = FALSE, method = lm)
linetype是线的形状，group是分组参数，show.legend是展示图例， F是不展示，se是置信区间参数，F是不展示。data = filter(mpg, class = “subcompact”)是筛选class == "subcompact"的数据作曲线图。method = lm是画出回归直线。

#（4）统计变化
ggplot(data = diamonds) +
geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, color = cut, fill = cut/clarity), stat = “identity”)
color是改变边框颜色，fill=cut是填充bar的颜色，clarity是填充颜色堆叠画图，stat表示对样本点做统计的方式，默认是identity，表示一个x对应一个y
ggplot(data = diamonds) +
stat_count(mapping = aes(x = cut))

ggplot(data = diamonds) +
geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, y = …prop…, group = 1))

没有group使得每个bar的高度都为1。
ggplot(data = diamonds) +
geom_bar(
mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = clarity),
position = “identity”/“fill”/“dodge”/“jitter”
)
position默认为identity，是展示全部对象；fill是每个bar都相同高度，dodge是更具分类展示每个bar，jitter是对图加入扰动噪声。

#（5）坐标系
ggplot(data = diamonds) +
geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = cut), show.legend = FALSE, width = 1) +
theme(aspect.ratio = 1) +
labs(x = NULL, y = NULL) +
coord_flip() +
coord_polar()

使用 coord_polar() 函数将堆叠式条形图转换为饼图。
ggplot(mpg, aes(x = factor(1), fill = drv)) +
geom_bar(width = 1) +
coord_polar(theta = “y”)

ggplot(data = mpg, mapping = aes(x = cty, y = hwy)) +
geom_point() +
geom_abline() +
coord_fixed()