xtrabackup原理

1、安装xtrabackup工具
以下测试安装xtrabackup备份恢复工具的二进制包，进行测试。安装的路径为mysql安装路径，本次测试mysql的安装路径为：/usr/local/mysql。
tar -zxvf percona-xtrabackup-2.3.4-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
cp percona-xtrabackup-2.3.4-Linux-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql/bin

2、创建备份用户
建备份用户backup@localhost，xtraback只能用于本地操作，故只授权本地操作。
GRANT RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO backup@localhost;

3、声明PATH环境变量
为xtrabackup备份恢复工具添加到PATH路径中。
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/bin

4、创建测试库
创建测试库backup_test，测试表test。
mysql -uroot -poracle -S/tmp/mysql.sock -e 'create database backup_test;'
mysql -uroot -poracle -S/tmp/mysql.sock -e 'create table backup_test.test(id int);'
mysql -uroot -poracle -S/tmp/mysql.sock -e'insert into backup_test.test values(1),(2),(3),(4),(5);'
mysql -uroot -poracle -S/tmp/mysql.sock -e'select * from backup_test.test;'

[root@mysql2 bin]#  /usr/local/mysql/bin/innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=root --password=oracle /mysql/backup
160517 19:06:08 innobackupex: Starting the backup operation

IMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.
           At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex
           prints "completed OK!".

160517 19:06:08  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup;port=3306;mysql_socket=/tmp/mysql.sock' as 'root'  (using password: YES).
160517 19:06:08  version_check Connected to MySQL server
160517 19:06:08  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
160517 19:06:08  version_check Done.
160517 19:06:08 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: root, password: set, port: 3306, socket: /tmp/mysql.sock
Using server version 5.6.27-log
/usr/local/mysql/bin/innobackupex version 2.3.4 based on MySQL server 5.6.24 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: e80c779)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /mysql/data
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = /mysql/data
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:128M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = /mysql/logs
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 1073741824
160517 19:06:08 >>  log scanned up to (1634958)
xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces
160517 19:06:08 [01]  Copying /mysql/data/ibdata1 to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/ibdata1
160517 19:06:09 >>  log scanned up to (1634958)
160517 19:06:10 >>  log scanned up to (1634958)
160517 19:06:10 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:10 [01] Copying ./mysql/slave_relay_log_info.ibd to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slave_relay_log_info.ibd
160517 19:06:10 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:10 [01] Copying ./mysql/slave_worker_info.ibd to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slave_worker_info.ibd
160517 19:06:10 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:10 [01] Copying ./mysql/slave_master_info.ibd to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slave_master_info.ibd
160517 19:06:10 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:10 [01] Copying ./mysql/innodb_index_stats.ibd to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/innodb_index_stats.ibd
160517 19:06:10 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:10 [01] Copying ./mysql/innodb_table_stats.ibd to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/innodb_table_stats.ibd
160517 19:06:10 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:10 [01] Copying ./backup_test/test.ibd to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/backup_test/test.ibd
160517 19:06:10 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 >>  log scanned up to (1634958)
160517 19:06:11 Executing  FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...
160517 19:06:11 Executing  FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...
160517 19:06:11  Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/slow_log.CSV to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slow_log.CSV
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/columns_priv.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/columns_priv.MYD
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/innodb_index_stats.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/innodb_index_stats.frm
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone.frm
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/slave_master_info.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slave_master_info.frm
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_transition_type.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_transition_type.MYD
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/tables_priv.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/tables_priv.MYD
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/proc.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/proc.frm
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:11 [01] Copying ./mysql/servers.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/servers.MYI
160517 19:06:11 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/columns_priv.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/columns_priv.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/procs_priv.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/procs_priv.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_transition.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_transition.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/tables_priv.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/tables_priv.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_relation.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_relation.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_category.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_category.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_topic.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_topic.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/proc.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/proc.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/servers.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/servers.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/db.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/db.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/plugin.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/plugin.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/db.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/db.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/event.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/event.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/func.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/func.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/columns_priv.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/columns_priv.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_name.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_name.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/servers.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/servers.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_transition_type.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_transition_type.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/procs_priv.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/procs_priv.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/slave_relay_log_info.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slave_relay_log_info.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/plugin.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/plugin.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/tables_priv.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/tables_priv.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/ndb_binlog_index.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/ndb_binlog_index.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/db.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/db.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_relation.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_relation.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 >>  log scanned up to (1634958)
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/user.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/user.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/func.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/func.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/innodb_table_stats.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/innodb_table_stats.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/general_log.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/general_log.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_keyword.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_keyword.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/ndb_binlog_index.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/ndb_binlog_index.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/event.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/event.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_topic.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_topic.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/slow_log.CSM to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slow_log.CSM
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/user.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/user.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_transition.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_transition.MYD
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_transition_type.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_transition_type.MYI
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/general_log.CSV to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/general_log.CSV
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:12 [01] Copying ./mysql/slow_log.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slow_log.frm
160517 19:06:12 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone.MYD
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_category.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_category.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/user.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/user.MYI
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/plugin.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/plugin.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_keyword.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_keyword.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_category.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_category.MYD
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_leap_second.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_leap_second.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/event.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/event.MYI
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_topic.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_topic.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/proc.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/proc.MYI
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/func.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/func.MYI
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/general_log.CSM to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/general_log.CSM
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_leap_second.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_leap_second.MYI
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/proxies_priv.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/proxies_priv.MYI
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/proxies_priv.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/proxies_priv.MYD
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_name.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/slave_worker_info.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/slave_worker_info.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/proxies_priv.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/proxies_priv.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_relation.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_relation.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/procs_priv.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/procs_priv.MYI
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_keyword.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/help_keyword.MYD
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_transition.MYI to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_transition.MYI
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_leap_second.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_leap_second.MYD
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/time_zone_name.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/time_zone_name.MYD
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./mysql/ndb_binlog_index.MYD to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/mysql/ndb_binlog_index.MYD
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [00] Writing test/db.opt
160517 19:06:13 [00]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 >> log scanned up to (1634958)
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_stages_history_long.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_stages_history_long.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/socket_summary_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/socket_summary_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/setup_consumers.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/setup_consumers.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_history_long.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_history_long.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/hosts.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/hosts.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/table_lock_waits_summary_by_table.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/table_lock_waits_summary_by_table.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_current.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_current.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/mutex_instances.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/mutex_instances.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/cond_instances.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/cond_instances.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:13 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/db.opt to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/db.opt
160517 19:06:13 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/table_io_waits_summary_by_table.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/table_io_waits_summary_by_table.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/file_summary_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/file_summary_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/performance_timers.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/performance_timers.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/threads.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/threads.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/session_account_connect_attrs.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/session_account_connect_attrs.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_current.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_current.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/setup_instruments.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/setup_instruments.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_history.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_history.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/host_cache.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/host_cache.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_stages_history.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_stages_history.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/rwlock_instances.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/rwlock_instances.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/setup_timers.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/setup_timers.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/session_connect_attrs.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/session_connect_attrs.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_digest.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_digest.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/accounts.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/accounts.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_instance.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_instance.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_history_long.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_history_long.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/setup_actors.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/setup_actors.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 >> log scanned up to (1634958)
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/socket_summary_by_instance.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/socket_summary_by_instance.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/setup_objects.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/setup_objects.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/file_summary_by_instance.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/file_summary_by_instance.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/file_instances.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/file_instances.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_statements_history.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_statements_history.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/objects_summary_global_by_type.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/objects_summary_global_by_type.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/users.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/users.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_stages_current.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_stages_current.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/socket_instances.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/socket_instances.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/performance_schema/events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./backup_test/db.opt to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/backup_test/db.opt
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 [01] Copying ./backup_test/test.frm to /mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08/backup_test/test.frm
160517 19:06:14 [01]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files
160517 19:06:14 [00] Writing xtrabackup_binlog_info
160517 19:06:14 [00]        ...done
160517 19:06:14 Executing  FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '1634958'
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
.160517 19:06:14 >> log scanned up to (1634958)


160517 19:06:15  Executing UNLOCK TABLES
160517 19:06:15 All tables unlocked
160517 19:06:15 Backup created in directory '/mysql/backup/2016-05-17_19-06-08'
MySQL binlog position: filename 'mysql-bin.000004', position '562'
160517 19:06:15 [00] Writing backup-my.cnf
160517 19:06:15 [00]        ...done
160517 19:06:15 [00] Writing xtrabackup_info
160517 19:06:15 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (1634958) to (1634958) was copied.
160517 19:06:15 completed OK!

[root@mysql2 bin]# 

1：innobackupex 在启动后，会先 fork 一个进程，启动 xtrabackup进程，然后就等待 xtrabackup 备份完 ibd 数据文件；
2：xtrabackup 在备份 InnoDB 相关数据时，是有2种线程的，1种是 redo 拷贝线程，负责拷贝 redo 文件，1种是 ibd 拷贝线程，负责拷贝 ibd 文件；
redo 拷贝线程只有一个，在 ibd 拷贝线程之前启动，在 ibd 线程结束后结束。xtrabackup 进程开始执行后，先启动 redo 拷贝线程，从最新的 checkpoint 点开始顺序拷贝 redo 日志；然后再启动 ibd 数据拷贝线程，在 xtrabackup 拷贝 ibd 过程中，innobackupex 进程一直处于等待状态（等待文件被创建）。
3：xtrabackup 拷贝完成idb后，通知 innobackupex（通过创建文件），同时自己进入等待（redo 线程仍然继续拷贝）;
4：innobackupex 收到 xtrabackup 通知后，执行FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK (FTWRL)，取得一致性位点，然后开始备份非 InnoDB 文件
（包括 frm、MYD、MYI、CSV、opt、par等）。拷贝非 InnoDB 文件过程中，因为数据库处于全局只读状态，如果在业务的主库备份的话，要特别小心，
非 InnoDB 表（主要是MyISAM）比较多的话整库只读时间就会比较长，这个影响一定要评估到。
5：当 innobackupex 拷贝完所有非 InnoDB 表文件后，通知 xtrabackup（通过删文件） ，同时自己进入等待（等待另一个文件被创建）；
6：xtrabackup 收到 innobackupex 备份完非 InnoDB 通知后，就停止 redo 拷贝线程，然后通知 innobackupex redo log 拷贝完成（通过创建文件）；
7：innobackupex 收到 redo 备份完成通知后，就开始解锁，执行 UNLOCK TABLES；

8：最后 innobackupex 和 xtrabackup 进程各自完成收尾工作，如资源的释放、写备份元数据信息等，innobackupex 等待 xtrabackup 子进程结束后退出。

在上面描述的文件拷贝，都是备份进程直接通过操作系统读取数据文件的，只在执行 SQL 命令时和数据库有交互，基本不影响数据库的运行，在备份非 InnoDB 时会有一段时间只读（如果没有MyISAM表的话，只读时间在几秒左右），在备份 InnoDB 数据文件时，对数据库完全没有影响，是真正的热备。
InnoDB 和非 InnoDB 文件的备份都是通过拷贝文件来做的，但是实现的方式不同，前者是以page为粒度做的(xtrabackup)，
后者是 cp 或者 tar 命令(innobackupex)，xtrabackup 在读取每个page时会校验 checksum 值，保证数据块是一致的，
而 innobackupex 在 cp MyISAM 文件时已经做了flush（FTWRL），磁盘上的文件也是完整的，所以最终备份集里的数据文件都是写入完整的。

参考文档：http://mysql.taobao.org/monthly/2016/03/07/