前言
关于插件，已经在各大平台上出现过很多，eclipse插件、chrome插件、3dmax插件，所有这些插件大概都为了在一个主程序中实现比较通用的功能，把业务相关或者让可以让用户自定义扩展的功能不附加在主程序中，主程序可在运行时安装和卸载。在android如何实现插件也已经被广泛传播，实现的原理都是实现一套插件接口，把插件实现编成apk或者dex，然后在运行时使用DexClassLoader动态加载进来，不过在这个开发过程中会遇到很多的问题，所以这一片就先不介绍如何开发插件，而是先解决一下开发过程中会遇到的问题，这里主要就是介绍DexClassLoader这个类使用的过程中出现的错误
导读
Java中的类加载器：http://blog.csdn.net/jiangwei0910410003/article/details/17733153
Android中的动态加载机制：http://blog.csdn.net/jiangwei0910410003/article/details/17679823
System.loadLibrary的执行过程：http://blog.csdn.net/jiangwei0910410003/article/details/41490133
一、预备知识
Android中的各种加载器介绍
插件开发的过程中DexClassLoader和PathClassLoader这两个类加载器了是很重要的，但是他们也是有区别的，而且我们也知道PathClassLoader是Android应用中的默认加载器。他们的区别是：
DexClassLoader可以加载任何路径的apk/dex/jar
PathClassLoader只能加载/data/app中的apk，也就是已经安装到手机中的apk。这个也是PathClassLoader作为默认的类加载器的原因，因为一般程序都是安装了，在打开，这时候PathClassLoader就去加载指定的apk(解压成dex，然后在优化成odex)就可以了。
我们可以看一下他们的源码：
DexClassLoader.java
/*
* Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package dalvik.system;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.zip.ZipFile;
/**
* Provides a simple {@link ClassLoader} implementation that operates on a
* list of jar/apk files with classes.dex entries. The directory that
* holds the optimized form of the files is specified explicitly. This
* can be used to execute code not installed as part of an application.
*
* The best place to put the optimized DEX files is in app-specific
* storage, so that removal of the app will automatically remove the
* optimized DEX files. If other storage is used (e.g. /sdcard), the
* app may not have an opportunity to remove them.
*/
public class DexClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
private static final boolean VERBOSE_DEBUG = false;
/* constructor args, held for init */
private final String mRawDexPath;
private final String mRawLibPath;
private final String mDexOutputPath;
/*
* Parallel arrays for jar/apk files.
*
* (could stuff these into an object and have a single array;
* improves clarity but adds overhead)
*/
private final File[] mFiles; // source file Files, for rsrc URLs
private final ZipFile[] mZips; // source zip files, with resources
private final DexFile[] mDexs; // opened, prepped DEX files
/**
* Native library path.
*/
private final String[] mLibPaths;
/**
* Creates a {@code DexClassLoader} that finds interpreted and native
* code. Interpreted classes are found in a set of DEX files contained
* in Jar or APK files.
*
* The path lists are separated using the character specified by
* the "path.separator" system property, which defaults to ":".
*
* @param dexPath
* the list of jar/apk files containing classes and resources
* @param dexOutputDir
* directory where optimized DEX files should be written
* @param libPath
* the list of directories containing native libraries; may be null
* @param parent
* the parent class loader
*/
public DexClassLoader(String dexPath, String dexOutputDir, String libPath,
ClassLoader parent) {
super(parent);
......
我们看到，他是继承了ClassLoader类的，ClassLoader是类加载器的鼻祖类。同时我们也会发现DexClassLoader只有一个构造函数，而且这个构造函数是：dexPath、dexOutDir、libPath、parent
dexPath：是加载apk/dex/jar的路径
dexOutDir：是dex的输出路径(因为加载apk/jar的时候会解压除dex文件，这个路径就是保存dex文件的)
libPath：是加载的时候需要用到的lib库，这个一般不用
parent：给DexClassLoader指定父加载器
我们在来看一下PathClassLoader的源码
PathClassLoader.java
/*
* Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package dalvik.system;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
import java.util.zip.ZipFile;
/**
* Provides a simple {@link ClassLoader} implementation that operates on a list
* of files and directories in the local file system, but does not attempt to
* load classes from the network. Android uses this class for its system class
* loader and for its application class loader(s).
*/
public class PathClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
private final String path;
private final String libPath;
/*
* Parallel arrays for jar/apk files.
*
* (could stuff these into an object and have a single array;
* improves clarity but adds overhead)
*/
private final String[] mPaths;
private final File[] mFiles;
private final ZipFile[] mZips;
private final DexFile[] mDexs;
/**
* Native library path.
*/
private final List<String> libraryPathElements;
/**
* Creates a {@code PathClassLoader} that operates on a given list of files
* and directories. This method is equivalent to calling
* {@link #PathClassLoader(String, String, ClassLoader)} with a
* {@code null} value for the second argument (see description there).
*
* @param path
* the list of files and directories
*
* @param parent
* the parent class loader
*/
public PathClassLoader(String path, ClassLoader parent) {
this(path, null, parent);
}
/**
* Creates a {@code PathClassLoader} that operates on two given
* lists of files and directories. The entries of the first list
* should be one of the following:
*
* <ul>
* <li>Directories containing classes or resources.
* <li>JAR/ZIP/APK files, possibly containing a "classes.dex" file.
* <li>"classes.dex" files.
* </ul>
*
* The entries of the second list should be directories containing
* native library files. Both lists are separated using the
* character specified by the "path.separator" system property,
* which, on Android, defaults to ":".
*
* @param path
* the list of files and directories containing classes and
* resources
*
* @param libPath
* the list of directories containing native libraries
*
* @param parent
* the parent class loader
*/
public PathClassLoader(String path, String libPath, ClassLoader parent) {
super(parent);
....
看到了PathClassLoader类也是继承了ClassLoader的，但是他的构造函数和DexClassLoader有点区别就是，少了一个dexOutDir，这个原因也是很简单，因为PathClassLoader是加载/data/app中的apk，而这部分的apk都会解压释放dex到指定的目录：
/data/dalvik-cache
这个释放解压操作是系统做的。所以PathClassLoader可以不需要这个参数的。
上面看了他们两的区别，下面在来看一下Android中的各种类加载器分别加载哪些类：
package com.example.androiddemo;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.ListView;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Log.i("DEMO", "Context的类加载加载器:"+Context.class.getClassLoader());
Log.i("DEMO", "ListView的类加载器:"+ListView.class.getClassLoader());
Log.i("DEMO", "应用程序默认加载器:"+getClassLoader());
Log.i("DEMO", "系统类加载器:"+ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
Log.i("DEMO", "系统类加载器和Context的类加载器是否相等:"+(Context.class.getClassLoader()==ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()));
Log.i("DEMO", "系统类加载器和应用程序默认加载器是否相等:"+(getClassLoader()==ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()));
Log.i("DEMO","打印应用程序默认加载器的委派机制:");
ClassLoader classLoader = getClassLoader();
while(classLoader != null){
Log.i("DEMO", "类加载器:"+classLoader);
classLoader = classLoader.getParent();
}
Log.i("DEMO","打印系统加载器的委派机制:");
classLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
while(classLoader != null){
Log.i("DEMO", "类加载器:"+classLoader);
classLoader = classLoader.getParent();
}
}
}
运行结果：
依次来看一下
1) 系统类的加载器
Log.i("DEMO", "Context的类加载加载器:"+Context.class.getClassLoader());
Log.i("DEMO", "ListView的类加载器:"+ListView.class.getClassLoader());
从结果看到他们的加载器是：BootClassLoader，关于他源码我没有找到，只找到了class文件(用jd-gui查看)：
看到他也是继承了ClassLoader类。
2) 应用程序的默认加载器
Log.i("DEMO", "应用程序默认加载器:"+getClassLoader());运行结果：
默认类加载器是PathClassLoader，同时可以看到加载的apk路径，libPath(一般包括/vendor/lib和/system/lib)
3) 系统类加载器
Log.i("DEMO", "系统类加载器:"+ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());运行结果：
系统类加载器其实还是PathClassLoader，只是加载的apk路径不是/data/app/xxx.apk了，而是系统apk的路径：/system/app/xxx.apk
4) 默认加载器的委派机制关系
Log.i("DEMO","打印应用程序默认加载器的委派机制:");
ClassLoader classLoader = getClassLoader();
while(classLoader != null){
Log.i("DEMO", "类加载器:"+classLoader);
classLoader = classLoader.getParent();
}打印结果：
默认加载器PathClassLoader的父亲是BootClassLoader
5) 系统加载器的委派机制关系
Log.i("DEMO","打印系统加载器的委派机制:");
classLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
while(classLoader != null){
Log.i("DEMO", "类加载器:"+classLoader);
classLoader = classLoader.getParent();
}运行结果：
可以看到系统加载器的父亲也是BootClassLoader
二、插件化三个工程
PluginImpl：插件接口工程(只是接口的定义)
PluginSDK：插件工程(实现插件接口，定义具体的功能)
HostProject：宿主工程(需要引用插件接口工程，然后动态的加载插件工程)(例子项目中名字是PluginDemos)
第一、项目介绍
下面来看一下源代码：
1、PluginImpl工程：
1) IBean.java
package com.pluginsdk.interfaces;
public abstract interface IBean{
public abstract String getName();
public abstract void setName(String paramString);
}2) IDynamic.java
package com.pluginsdk.interfaces;
import android.content.Context;
public abstract interface IDynamic{
public abstract void methodWithCallBack(YKCallBack paramYKCallBack);
public abstract void showPluginWindow(Context paramContext);
public abstract void startPluginActivity(Context context,Class<?> cls);
public abstract String getStringForResId(Context context);
}其他的就不列举了。
2、PluginSDK工程：
1) Dynamic.java
/**
* Dynamic1.java
* com.youku.pluginsdk.imp
*
* Function： TODO
*
* ver date author
* ──────────────────────────────────
* 2014-10-20 Administrator
*
* Copyright (c) 2014, TNT All Rights Reserved.
*/
package com.pluginsdk.imp;
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.app.AlertDialog.Builder;
import android.app.Dialog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.content.Intent;
import com.pluginsdk.bean.Bean;
import com.pluginsdk.interfaces.IDynamic;
import com.pluginsdk.interfaces.YKCallBack;
import com.youku.pluginsdk.R;
/**
* ClassName:Dynamic1
*
* @author jiangwei
* @version
* @since Ver 1.1
* @Date 2014-10-20 下午5:57:10
*/
public class Dynamic implements IDynamic{
/**
*/
public void methodWithCallBack(YKCallBack callback) {
Bean bean = new Bean();
bean.setName("PLUGIN_SDK_USER");
callback.callback(bean);
}
public void showPluginWindow(Context context) {
AlertDialog.Builder builder = new Builder(context);
builder.setMessage("对话框");
builder.setTitle(R.string.hello_world);
builder.setNegativeButton("取消", new Dialog.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
dialog.dismiss();
}
});
Dialog dialog = builder.create();//.show();
dialog.show();
}
public void startPluginActivity(Context context,Class<?> cls){
/**
*这里要注意几点:
*1、如果单纯的写一个MainActivity的话，在主工程中也有一个MainActivity，开启的Activity还是主工程中的MainActivity
*2、如果这里将MainActivity写成全名的话，还是有问题，会报找不到这个Activity的错误
*/
Intent intent = new Intent(context,cls);
context.startActivity(intent);
}
public String getStringForResId(Context context){
return context.getResources().getString(R.string.hello_world);
}
}
2) Bean.java
/**
* User.java
* com.youku.pluginsdk.bean
*
* Function： TODO
*
* ver date author
* ──────────────────────────────────
* 2014-10-20 Administrator
*
* Copyright (c) 2014, TNT All Rights Reserved.
*/
package com.pluginsdk.bean;
/**
* ClassName:User
*
* @author jiangwei
* @version
* @since Ver 1.1
* @Date 2014-10-20 下午1:35:16
*/
public class Bean implements com.pluginsdk.interfaces.IBean{
/**
*
*/
private String name = "这是来自于插件工程中设置的初始化的名字";
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}3、宿主工程HostProject
1) MainActivity.java
package com.plugindemo;
import java.io.File;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.res.AssetManager;
import android.content.res.Resources;
import android.content.res.Resources.Theme;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.Toast;
import com.pluginsdk.interfaces.IBean;
import com.pluginsdk.interfaces.IDynamic;
import com.pluginsdk.interfaces.YKCallBack;
import com.youku.plugindemo.R;
import dalvik.system.DexClassLoader;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
private AssetManager mAssetManager;//资源管理器
private Resources mResources;//资源
private Theme mTheme;//主题
private String apkFileName = "PluginSDKs.apk";
private String dexpath = null;//apk文件地址
private File fileRelease = null; //释放目录
private DexClassLoader classLoader = null;
@SuppressLint("NewApi")
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
dexpath = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory() + File.separator+apkFileName;
fileRelease = getDir("dex", 0);
/*初始化classloader
* dexpath dex文件地址
* fileRelease 文件释放地址
* 父classLoader
*/
Log.d("DEMO", (getClassLoader()==ListView.class.getClassLoader())+"");
Log.d("DEMO",ListView.class.getClassLoader()+"");
Log.d("DEMO", Context.class.getClassLoader()+"");
Log.d("DEMO", Context.class.getClassLoader().getSystemClassLoader()+"");
Log.d("DEMO",Activity.class.getClassLoader()+"");
Log.d("DEMO", (Context.class.getClassLoader().getSystemClassLoader() == ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader())+"");
Log.d("DEMO",ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()+"");
classLoader = new DexClassLoader(dexpath, fileRelease.getAbsolutePath(),null,getClassLoader());
Button btn_1 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btn_1);
Button btn_2 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btn_2);
Button btn_3 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btn_3);
Button btn_4 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btn_4);
Button btn_5 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btn_5);
Button btn_6 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btn_6);
btn_1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {//普通调用 反射的方式
@Override
public void onClick(View arg0) {
Class mLoadClassBean;
try {
mLoadClassBean = classLoader.loadClass("com.pluginsdk.bean.Bean");
Object beanObject = mLoadClassBean.newInstance();
Log.d("DEMO", "ClassLoader:"+mLoadClassBean.getClassLoader());
Log.d("DEMO", "ClassLoader:"+mLoadClassBean.getClassLoader().getParent());
Method getNameMethod = mLoadClassBean.getMethod("getName");
getNameMethod.setAccessible(true);
String name = (String) getNameMethod.invoke(beanObject);
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, name, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("DEMO", "msg:"+e.getMessage());
}
}
});
btn_2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {//带参数调用
@Override
public void onClick(View arg0) {
Class mLoadClassBean;
try {
mLoadClassBean = classLoader.loadClass("com.pluginsdk.bean.Bean");
Object beanObject = mLoadClassBean.newInstance();
//接口形式调用
Log.d("DEMO", beanObject.getClass().getClassLoader()+"");
Log.d("DEMO",IBean.class.getClassLoader()+"");
Log.d("DEMO",ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()+"");
IBean bean = (IBean)beanObject;
bean.setName("宿主程序设置的新名字");
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, bean.getName(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("DEMO", "msg:"+e.getMessage());
}
}
});
btn_3.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {//带回调函数的调用
@Override
public void onClick(View arg0) {
Class mLoadClassDynamic;
try {
mLoadClassDynamic = classLoader.loadClass("com.pluginsdk.imp.Dynamic");
Object dynamicObject = mLoadClassDynamic.newInstance();
//接口形式调用
IDynamic dynamic = (IDynamic)dynamicObject;
//回调函数调用
YKCallBack callback = new YKCallBack() {//回调接口的定义
public void callback(IBean arg0) {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, arg0.getName(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
};
};
dynamic.methodWithCallBack(callback);
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("DEMO", "msg:"+e.getMessage());
}
}
});
btn_4.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {//带资源文件的调用
@Override
public void onClick(View arg0) {
loadResources();
Class mLoadClassDynamic;
try {
mLoadClassDynamic = classLoader.loadClass("com.pluginsdk.imp.Dynamic");
Object dynamicObject = mLoadClassDynamic.newInstance();
//接口形式调用
IDynamic dynamic = (IDynamic)dynamicObject;
dynamic.showPluginWindow(MainActivity.this);
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("DEMO", "msg:"+e.getMessage());
}
}
});
btn_5.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {//带资源文件的调用
@Override
public void onClick(View arg0) {
loadResources();
Class mLoadClassDynamic;
try {
mLoadClassDynamic = classLoader.loadClass("com.pluginsdk.imp.Dynamic");
Object dynamicObject = mLoadClassDynamic.newInstance();
//接口形式调用
IDynamic dynamic = (IDynamic)dynamicObject;
dynamic.startPluginActivity(MainActivity.this,
classLoader.loadClass("com.plugindemo.MainActivity"));
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("DEMO", "msg:"+e.getMessage());
}
}
});
btn_6.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {//带资源文件的调用
@Override
public void onClick(View arg0) {
loadResources();
Class mLoadClassDynamic;
try {
mLoadClassDynamic = classLoader.loadClass("com.pluginsdk.imp.Dynamic");
Object dynamicObject = mLoadClassDynamic.newInstance();
//接口形式调用
IDynamic dynamic = (IDynamic)dynamicObject;
String content = dynamic.getStringForResId(MainActivity.this);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), content+"", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("DEMO", "msg:"+e.getMessage());
}
}
});
}
protected void loadResources() {
try {
AssetManager assetManager = AssetManager.class.newInstance();
Method addAssetPath = assetManager.getClass().getMethod("addAssetPath", String.class);
addAssetPath.invoke(assetManager, dexpath);
mAssetManager = assetManager;
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
Resources superRes = super.getResources();
superRes.getDisplayMetrics();
superRes.getConfiguration();
mResources = new Resources(mAssetManager, superRes.getDisplayMetrics(),superRes.getConfiguration());
mTheme = mResources.newTheme();
mTheme.setTo(super.getTheme());
}
@Override
public AssetManager getAssets() {
return mAssetManager == null ? super.getAssets() : mAssetManager;
}
@Override
public Resources getResources() {
return mResources == null ? super.getResources() : mResources;
}
@Override
public Theme getTheme() {
return mTheme == null ? super.getTheme() : mTheme;
}
}
三个工程的下载地址：http://download.csdn.net/detail/jiangwei0910410003/8188011
第二、项目引用关系
工程文件现在大致看完了，我们看一下他们的引用关系吧：
1、将接口工程PluginImpl设置成一个Library
2、插件工程PluginSDKs引用插件的jar
注意是lib文件夹，不是libs，(libs不仅会引用，会编译到结果apk中，lib仅仅引用）
3、HostProject项目引用PluginImpl这个library项目（libs不仅会引用，会编译到结果apk中）
项目引用完成之后，我们编译PluginSDKs项目，生成PluginSDKs.apk放到手机的sdcard的根目录(因为我代码中是从这个目录进行加载apk的，当然这个目录是可以修改的)，然后运行HostProject
看到效果了吧。运行成功，其实这个对话框是在插件中定义的，但是我们知道定义对话框是需要context变量的，所以这个变量就是通过参数从宿主工程中传递到插件工程即可
总结
1) 为了避免Could not find class...，我们必须要集成PluginImpl，方式是使用Library或者是libs文件夹导入jar
(这里要注意，因为我们运行的其实是宿主工程apk，所以宿主工程一定要集成PluginImpl，如果他不集成的话，即使插件工程apk集成了也还是没有效果的)
2) 为了避免Class ref in pre-verified class resolved to unexpected implementation，我们在宿主工程和插件工程中只能集成一份PluginImpl，在结合上面的错误避免方式，可以得到正确的方式：
一定是宿主工程集成PluginImpl，插件工程一定不能集成PluginImpl。
(以后再制作插件的时候记住一句话就可以了，插件工程打包不能集成接口jar，宿主工程打包一定要集成接口jar)
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