R数据结构

R数据结构
1.向量：同一向量中无法混杂不同模式的数据

a<-c(1,2,3,4,5)
b<-c("a","b","c","d")

2.矩阵：二维数组，同样要求数据类型一致

> y<-matrix(1:20,nrow=5,ncol=4)
> y
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,]    1    6   11   16
[2,]    2    7   12   17
[3,]    3    8   13   18
[4,]    4    9   14   19
[5,]    5   10   15   20

3.数组：数组与矩阵类似，但是维度可以大于2,

> dim1<-c("a1","a2")
> dim2<-c("b1","b2","b3")
> dim3<-c("c1","c2","c3","c4")
> z<-array(1:24,c(2,3,4),dimnames=list(dim1,dim2,dim3))
> z
, , c1

   b1 b2 b3
a1  1  3  5
a2  2  4  6

, , c2

   b1 b2 b3
a1  7  9 11
a2  8 10 12

, , c3

   b1 b2 b3
a1 13 15 17
a2 14 16 18

, , c4

   b1 b2 b3
a1 19 21 23
a2 20 22 24

4.数据框：可以包含不同类型的数据

> patientid<-c(1,2,3,4)
> age<-c(21,22,33,42)
> diabetes<-c("type1","type2","type3","type4")
> status<-c("poor","improved","good","poor")
> patientdata<-data.frame(patientid,age,diabetes,status)
> patientdata
  patientid age diabetes   status
1         1  21    type1     poor
2         2  22    type2 improved
3         3  33    type3     good
4         4  42    type4     poor

这里提到R的几个函数：attach(),detach(),with(),在对数据框中的变量进行引用的时候，可以使用这几个函数避免输入数据框名称。

> summary(mtcars$mpg,)
> 和attach(mtcars) summary(mpg)
> 和with(mtcars,{summary(mpg)})是等价的

5.因子：名义型变量和有序型变量在R中称为因子。

#首先，以向量形式输入数据

> patientid<-c(1,2,3,4)
> age<-c(25,34,28,52)
> diabetes<-c("type1","type2","type2","type1")
> status<-c("poor","improved","excellent","poor")
> patientdata<-data.frame(patientid,age,diabetes,status)
#显示对象结构
> str(patientdata)
'data.frame':   4 obs. of  4 variables:
 $ patientid: num  1 2 3 4
 $ age      : num  25 34 28 52
 $ diabetes : Factor w/ 2 levels "type1","type2": 1 2 2 1
 $ status   : Factor w/ 3 levels "excellent","improved",..: 3 2 1 3
#显示对象的统计概要
> summary(patientdata)
   patientid         age       
 Min.   :1.00   Min.   :25.00  
 1st Qu.:1.75   1st Qu.:27.25  
 Median :2.50   Median :31.00  
 Mean   :2.50   Mean   :34.75  
 3rd Qu.:3.25   3rd Qu.:38.50  
 Max.   :4.00   Max.   :52.00  
  diabetes       status 
 type1:2   excellent:1  
 type2:2   improved :1  
           poor     :2  

6.列表：列表是R数据类型中最复杂的一种，列表就是一些对象的有序集合，某个列表中可能是若干向量、矩阵、数据框甚至其他列表的组合。

> a<-"this is a story"
> b<-c(1,2,3,5)
> j<-matrix(1:20,nrow=4)
> k<-c("one","two","three")
> mylist<-list(title=a,age=b,j,k)
> mylist
$title
[1] "this is a story"

$age
[1] 1 2 3 5

[[3]]
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]    1    5    9   13   17
[2,]    2    6   10   14   18
[3,]    3    7   11   15   19
[4,]    4    8   12   16   20

[[4]]
[1] "one"   "two"   "three"

> mylist[[2]]
[1] 1 2 3 5
> mylist['age']
$age
[1] 1 2 3 5

> mylist[2]
$age
[1] 1 2 3 5