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MongoDB修改器 在mongodb中通常文档只会有一部分要更新,利用原子的更新修改器,可以做到只更新文档的一部分键值,而且更新极为高在mongodb中通常文档只会有一部分要更新,利用原子的更新修改器,可以做到只更新文档的一部分键值,而且更新极为高效,更新修改器是种特殊的键,用来指定复杂的更新操作,比如调整、增加、或者删除键,还可以操作数组和内嵌文档。增加、修改或删除键的时候,应该使用$修改器。
1. $set修改器
$set修改器用来指定一个键值. 如果这个键不存在, 则创建它,它对于更新模式或者用户定义键来说很方便。
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("56fe7df8b322e3ff1dabf834"),
"name" : "joe",
"age" : 30,
"sex" : "male",
"location" : "Wisconsin",
"favorite book" : "war and pace"
}
> db.users.update({"name":"joe"},{"$set":{"favorite book":["cat's cardle","foundation trilogy","ender's game"]}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("56fe7df8b322e3ff1dabf834"),
"name" : "joe",
"age" : 30,
"sex" : "male",
"location" : "Wisconsin",
"favorite book" : [
"cat's cardle",
"foundation trilogy",
"ender's game"
]
}
2. $set用来修改内嵌文档
> db.blog.insert({"title":"a blog post","author":{"name":"joe","email":"joe@example.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"author" : {
"name" : "joe",
"email" : "joe@example.com"
}
}
> db.blog.update({"author.name":"joe"},{"$set":{"author.name":"joe schmoe"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"author" : {
"name" : "joe schmoe",
"email" : "joe@example.com"
}
}
> db.blog.update({"title":"a blog post"},{"$set":{"author.name":"joe schmoe op"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"author" : {
"name" : "joe schmoe op",
"email" : "joe@example.com"
}
}
3. $unset修改器
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("56fe7df8b322e3ff1dabf834"),
"name" : "joe",
"age" : 30,
"sex" : "male",
"location" : "Wisconsin",
"favorite book" : [
"cat's cardle",
"foundation trilogy",
"ender's game"
]
}
> db.users.update({"name":"joe"},{"$unset":{"favorite book":1}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("56fe7df8b322e3ff1dabf834"),
"name" : "joe",
"age" : 30,
"sex" : "male",
"location" : "Wisconsin"
}
4. $inc修改器
$inc其用来增加或减少已有的键的键值,或者在键不存在的时候创建一个键。
> db.games.insert({"game":"pinball","user":"joe"})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.games.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770a1394f533aa7535d46d4"),
"game" : "pinball",
"user" : "joe"
}
> db.games.update({"game":"pinball","user":"joe"},{"$inc":{"score":50}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.games.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770a1394f533aa7535d46d4"),
"game" : "pinball",
"user" : "joe",
"score" : 50
}
为"score"键增加50再减少20
> db.games.update({"game":"pinball","user":"joe"},{"$inc":{"score":50}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.games.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770a1394f533aa7535d46d4"),
"game" : "pinball",
"user" : "joe",
"score" : 100
}
> db.games.update({"game":"pinball","user":"joe"},{"$inc":{"score":-20}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.games.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770a1394f533aa7535d46d4"),
"game" : "pinball",
"user" : "joe",
"score" : 80
}
以上$inc与$set的用法类似,就是专门用来增加或减少数字的。$inc只能用于整数、长整数或双精度浮点数,要是在其他类型的数据上就会导致操作失败,其中包括很多语言会自动转换成数字的类型,例如null,布尔类型,或数字构成的字符串。$inc键的值必须为数字,不能使用字符串、数组和其他非数字的值,否则会报错,要修改其他类型,只能使用$set。
> db.foo.insert({"count":"1"})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.foo.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5770befc4f533aa7535d46d5"), "count" : "1" }
> db.foo.update({},{"$inc":{"count":1}})
WriteResult({
"nMatched" : 0,
"nUpserted" : 0,
"nModified" : 0,
"writeError" : {
"code" : 16837,
"errmsg" : "Cannot apply $inc to a value of non-numeric type. {_id: ObjectId('5770befc4f533aa7535d46d5')} has the field 'count' of non-numeric type String"
}
})
> db.foo.update({},{$set:{count:2}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.foo.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5770befc4f533aa7535d46d5"), "count" : 2 }
>
5. 数组修改器 $push
数组修改器,顾名思义它只可以用于操作数组,只能用在值为数组的键上。$push修改器如果指定的值已经存在,"$push"会想已有的数组末尾加入一个元素,要是没有就会创建一个新的数组
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"author" : {
"name" : "joe schmoe op",
"email" : "joe@example.com"
}
}
> db.blog.update({"title":"a blog post"},{"$unset":{"author":1}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"), "title" : "a blog post" }
> db.blog.update({"title":"a blog post"},{"$push":{"comments":{"name":"joe","email":"joe@example.com","content":"nice post"}}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"comments" : [
{
"name" : "joe",
"email" : "joe@example.com",
"content" : "nice post"
}
]
}
6. 数组修改器 $ne
$ne也是用来操作数组的修改器,在查询文档中,如果一个值不在数组里面就把他加进去,如果在不添加。
> db.users.insert({"name":"joe","emails":["joe@example.com","joe@gmail.com","joe@yahoo.com"]})
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com"
]
}
> db.users.update({"name":"joe","emails":{$ne:"joe@gmail.com"}},{$push:{"emails":"joe@gmail.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 0, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 0 }) --nMatched为0表示没有修改
> db.users.update({"name":"joe","emails":{$ne:"joe@itpub.com"}},{$push:{"emails":"joe@itpub.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com"
]
}
以上这种方式也可以使用$addToSet实现。
7. 数组修改器 $addToSet
$addToSet也是用来操作数组的修改器,实现的功能与$ne修改器相同,且更为方便。使用$addToSet修改器可以避免重复
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com"
]
}
> db.users.update({"_id":ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08")},{$addToSet:{"emails":"joe@gmail.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 0 }) --原文档里已有"joe@gmail.com",修改完也没有产生重复值
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com"
]
}
> db.users.update({"_id":ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08")},{$addToSet:{"emails":"joe@163.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com",
"joe@163.com"
]
}
8. 数组修改器 $each
$each数组修改器要和$addToSet修改结合起来用,可以一次添加多个不同的值。例如上面的例子中,我们一次添加多个email值, 如下:
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com",
"joe@163.com"
]
}
> db.users.update({"_id":ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08")},{$addToSet:{$each:["joe@example.com","joe@python.com","joe@php.com"]}})
WriteResult({
"nMatched" : 0,
"nUpserted" : 0,
"nModified" : 0,
"writeError" : {
"code" : 52,
"errmsg" : "The dollar ($) prefixed field '$each' in '$each' is not valid for storage."
}
})
> db.users.update({"_id":ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08")},{$addToSet:{"emails":{$each:["joe@example.com","joe@python.com","joe@php.com"]}}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com",
"joe@163.com",
"joe@python.com",
"joe@php.com"
]
}
9. 数组修改器 $pop
$pop修改器主要于从数组中删除元素,他可以从数组中的任何一端删除元素,
例如:
{$pop:{key:1}} 从数组末尾删除一个元素
{$pop:{key:-1}} 从数组头部删除一个元素
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com",
"joe@163.com",
"joe@python.com",
"joe@php.com"
]
}
> db.users.update({"name":"joe"},{$pop:{"emails":1}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@example.com",
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com",
"joe@163.com",
"joe@python.com"
]
}
> db.users.update({"name":"joe"},{$pop:{"emails":-1}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com",
"joe@163.com",
"joe@python.com"
]
}
有时我们需要基于特定条件来删除元素,而不仅仅依据位置,就可以使用$pull修改器
10. 数组修改器 $pull
$pull修改器和$pop修改类似,都是用来删除数组中的元素
$pull可以基于特定条件来删除元素
$pull会将所有匹配到的数据全部删掉,如对数组[1,2,1,1]执行pull 1,得到的结果就是只有一个元素的数组[2]
例如我们想删除emails数组中的"joe@163.com"和"joe@itpub.com"两个元素:
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com",
"joe@163.com",
"joe@python.com"
]
}
> db.users.update({"name":"joe"},{$pull:{"emails":["joe@163.com","joe@itpub.com"]}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 0 }) --好像不能一次删除多个,没有起作用
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@itpub.com",
"joe@163.com",
"joe@python.com"
]
}
> db.users.update({"name":"joe"},{$pull:{"emails":"joe@163.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.update({"name":"joe"},{$pull:{"emails":"joe@itpub.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.users.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5770ca42e90c1adc80040a08"),
"name" : "joe",
"emails" : [
"joe@gmail.com",
"joe@yahoo.com",
"joe@python.com"
]
}
11. 数组的定位修改器 $
若是数组有多个值,而我们只想对其中一部分进行操作,有两种方法可以实现这种操作。
两种方法操作数组中的值:通过位置或定位操作符(“$”)
数组都是以0开头的,可以将下标直接作为键来选择元素。
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"comments" : [
{
"name" : "joe",
"email" : "joe@example.com",
"content" : "nice post"
},
{
"name" : "bob",
"email" : "bob@example.com",
"content" : "good post"
}
]
}
> db.blog.update({"title":"a blog post"},{$set:{"comments.1.name":"livan"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"comments" : [
{
"name" : "joe",
"email" : "joe@example.com",
"content" : "nice post"
},
{
"name" : "livan",
"email" : "bob@example.com",
"content" : "good post"
}
]
}
> db.blog.update({"title":"a blog post"},{$set:{"comments.1.email":"livan@example.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"comments" : [
{
"name" : "joe",
"email" : "joe@example.com",
"content" : "nice post"
},
{
"name" : "livan",
"email" : "livan@example.com",
"content" : "good post"
}
]
}
在很多情况下,不预先查询文档就不能知道要修改数组的下标,为了克服这种困难,mongodb提供了定位操作符"$",
用来定位查询文档已经匹配的元素,并进行更新,定位符只更新第一个匹配的元素。
例如:用户john把名字改成了jim,就可以用定位符来替换评论中的名字:
db.blog.update({“comments.author”:“john”},{$set:{"comments.$.author:“john”}})
可以理解为{“comments.author”:“john”}查询条件定位到第一个元素,就执行{$set:{“comments.$.author:“john”}},”$"定位符就表示找到的第一个元素。
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"comments" : [
{
"name" : "joe",
"email" : "joe@example.com",
"content" : "nice post"
},
{
"name" : "livan",
"email" : "livan@example.com",
"content" : "good post"
}
]
}
> db.blog.update({"comments.name":"livan"},{$set:{"comments.$.email":"bob@example.com"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.update({"comments.name":"livan"},{$set:{"comments.$.name":"bob"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("57709da84f533aa7535d46d3"),
"title" : "a blog post",
"comments" : [
{
"name" : "joe",
"email" : "joe@example.com",
"content" : "nice post"
},
{
"name" : "bob",
"email" : "bob@example.com",
"content" : "good post"
}
]
}