Base64使用案例

Base64是一种用64个字符来表示任意二进制数据的方法。

Base64编码可用于在HTTP环境下传递较长的标识信息以及二进制数据（例如图片文件、PDF文件等等）。

Base64的原理很简单，首先，准备一个包含64个字符的码表：

['A', 'B', 'C', ... 'a', 'b', 'c', ... '0', '1', ... '+', '/']

也就是52个大小写字母加上10个阿拉伯数字再加上两个字符‘+’、‘/’。字符索引为0~63。

然后，对二进制数据进行处理，每3个字节划为一组，一共是3x8=24bit，再将24bit划为4组，每组正好6个bit（可表示2的6次方、即64个数）：

这样我们就得到了4个数字，将其作为索引查码表，获得相应的4个字符，就是编码后的字符串。

所以，Base64编码会把3字节的二进制数据编码为4字节的文本数据，长度增加33%。

如果要编码的二进制数据不是3的倍数，最后会剩下1个或2个字节怎么办？Base64用\x00字节在末尾补足后，再在编码的末尾加上1个或2个=号，表示补了多少字节，解码的时候，会自动去掉。

示例

使用的工具包为commons-codec-1.3.jar。

Base64Util：

package com.zzj.base64;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;

import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;

public class Base64Util {
	
	/**
	 * 编码字符串
	 * @param source
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String encode(String source){
		try {
			byte[] sourceBs = source.getBytes("UTF-8");
			byte[] targetBs = Base64.encodeBase64(sourceBs);
			return new String(targetBs, "UTF-8");
		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * 编码文件
	 * @param source
	 * @return
	 * @throws IOException
	 */
	public static String encode(File source) throws IOException {
		byte[] sourceBs = FileUtils.readFileToByteArray(source);
		byte[] targetBs = Base64.encodeBase64(sourceBs);
		return new String(targetBs, "UTF-8");
	}
	
	/**
	 * 解码字符串
	 * @param target
	 * @return
	 */
	public static String decode(String target){
		try {
			byte[] targetBs = target.getBytes("UTF-8");
			byte[] sourceBs = Base64.decodeBase64(targetBs);
			return new String(sourceBs, "UTF-8");
		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
			throw new RuntimeException(e);
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * 解码文件
	 * @param target
	 * @param file
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	public static void decode(String target, File file) throws Exception {
		byte[] targetBs = target.getBytes("UTF-8");
		byte[] sourceBs = Base64.decodeBase64(targetBs);
		FileUtils.writeByteArrayToFile(file, sourceBs);
	}
	
	
	private Base64Util() {
	}
}

测试App：

package com.zzj.base64;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

public class App {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		testStr();
		testFile();
	}

	/**
	 * 字符串编码和解码
	 */
	private static void testStr() {
		String source = "我是一个兵";
		
		String target = Base64Util.encode(source);
		System.out.println("编码：" + target);
		
		source = Base64Util.decode(target);
		System.out.println("解码：" + source);
	}
	
	/**
	 * 文件编码和解码
	 * @throws IOException
	 * @throws Exception
	 */
	private static void testFile() throws IOException, Exception {
		File source = new File(App.class.getResource("logo.gif").getPath());
		
		String target = Base64Util.encode(source);
		System.out.println("编码：" + target);
		
		File targetFile = new File("C:\\logo.gif");
		Base64Util.decode(target, targetFile);
		System.out.println("解码：" + targetFile.toString());
	}
}

结果：

编码：5oiR5piv5LiA5Liq5YW1
解码：我是一个兵
编码：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
解码：C:\logo.gif

问题

以下内容摘自网络

标准的Base64并不适合直接放在URL里传输，因为URL编码器会把标准Base64中的“/”和“+”字符变为形如“%XX”的形式，而这些“%”号在存入数据库时还需要再进行转换，因为ANSI SQL中已将“%”号用作通配符。

为解决此问题，可采用一种用于URL的改进Base64编码，它在末尾填充'='号，并将标准Base64中的“+”和“/”分别改成了“-”和“_”，这样就免去了在URL编解码和数据库存储时所要作的转换，避免了编码信息长度在此过程中的增加，并统一了数据库、表单等处对象标识符的格式。

另有一种用于正则表达式的改进Base64变种，它将“+”和“/”改成了“!”和“-”，因为“+”,“*”以及前面在IRCu中用到的“[”和“]”在正则表达式中都可能具有特殊含义。

此外还有一些变种，它们将“+/”改为“_-”或“._”（用作编程语言中的标识符名称）或“.-”（用于XML中的Nmtoken）甚至“_:”（用于XML中的Name）。