Passing by value Versus Passing by reference

1. Passing by reference allwos a called functioto access variables in the calling fucntion. C++'s addition of the feature is a bread from C, whice only passes by value. Passing by value, recall, results in the called function working with copies of values from the callinig program. Of course, C lets you get around the passing by value limitation by using pointers.
2. You should initialize a reference variable when you declare it.
3. A reference is rather like a  const pointer.