String,StringBuffer与StringBuilder的区别

1.简介

2.线程安全是什么意思

1.简介

String 字符串常量
StringBuffer 字符串变量（线程安全）
StringBuilder 字符串变量（非线程安全）
  简要的说， String 类型和 StringBuffer 类型的主要性能区别其实在于 String 是不可变的对象, 因此在每次对 String 类型进行改变的时候其实都等同于生成了一个新的 String 对象，然后将指针指向新的 String 对象，所以经常改变内容的字符串最好不要用 String ，因为每次生成对象都会对系统性能产生影响，特别当内存中无引用对象多了以后， JVM 的 GC 就会开始工作，那速度是一定会相当慢的。
 而如果是使用 StringBuffer 类则结果就不一样了，每次结果都会对 StringBuffer 对象本身进行操作，而不是生成新的对象，再改变对象引用。所以在一般情况下我们推荐使用 StringBuffer ，特别是字符串对象经常改变的情况下。而在某些特别情况下， String 对象的字符串拼接其实是被 JVM 解释成了 StringBuffer 对象的拼接，所以这些时候 String 对象的速度并不会比 StringBuffer 对象慢，而特别是以下的字符串对象生成中， String 效率是远要比 StringBuffer 快的：
  String S1 = “This is only a” + “ simple” + “ test”;
  StringBuffer Sb = new StringBuilder(“This is only a”).append(“ simple”).append(“ test”);
  你会很惊讶的发现，生成 String S1 对象的速度简直太快了，而这个时候 StringBuffer 居然速度上根本一点都不占优势。其实这是 JVM 的一个把戏，在 JVM 眼里：
  String S1 = “This is only a” + “ simple” + “test”; 

其实就是：
  String S1 = “This is only a simple test”;

  所以当然不需要太多的时间了。但大家这里要注意的是，如果你的字符串是来自另外的 String 对象的话，速度就没那么快了，譬如：
String S2 = “This is only a”;
String S3 = “ simple”;
String S4 = “ test”;
String S1 = S2 +S3 + S4;
这时候 JVM 会规规矩矩的按照原来的方式去做

在大部分情况下 StringBuffer > String
StringBuffer
Java.lang.StringBuffer线程安全的可变字符序列。一个类似于 String 的字符串缓冲区。可将字符串缓冲区安全地用于多个线程。因此任意特定实例上的多线程里的所有操作就好像是以串行顺序发生的，该顺序与所涉及的每个线程进行的方法调用顺序一致。StringBuffer 上的主要操作是 append 和 insert 方法。
在大部分情况下 StringBuilder > StringBuffer

java.lang.StringBuilde
java.lang.StringBuilder一个可变的字符序列是5.0新增的。此类提供一个与 StringBuffer 兼容的 API，但不保证同步。该类被设计用作 StringBuffer 的一个简易替换，用在字符串缓冲区被单个线程使用的时候（这种情况很普遍）。如果可能，建议优先采用该类，因为在大多数实现中，它比 StringBuffer 要快。两者的方法基本相同。

2.线程安全是什么意思

类里对数据区操作的方法都是同步的。看源代码：

/*
 * @(#)StringBuffer.java	1.101 05/11/17
 *
 * Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

package java.lang;


/**
 * A thread-safe, mutable sequence of characters. 
 * A string buffer is like a {@link String}, but can be modified. At any 
 * point in time it contains some particular sequence of characters, but 
 * the length and content of the sequence can be changed through certain 
 * method calls.
 * <p>
 * String buffers are safe for use by multiple threads. The methods 
 * are synchronized where necessary so that all the operations on any 
 * particular instance behave as if they occur in some serial order 
 * that is consistent with the order of the method calls made by each of 
 * the individual threads involved.
 * <p>
 * The principal operations on a <code>StringBuffer</code> are the 
 * <code>append</code> and <code>insert</code> methods, which are 
 * overloaded so as to accept data of any type. Each effectively 
 * converts a given datum to a string and then appends or inserts the 
 * characters of that string to the string buffer. The 
 * <code>append</code> method always adds these characters at the end 
 * of the buffer; the <code>insert</code> method adds the characters at 
 * a specified point. 
 * <p>
 * For example, if <code>z</code> refers to a string buffer object 
 * whose current contents are "<code>start</code>", then 
 * the method call <code>z.append("le")</code> would cause the string 
 * buffer to contain "<code>startle</code>", whereas 
 * <code>z.insert(4, "le")</code> would alter the string buffer to 
 * contain "<code>starlet</code>". 
 * <p>
 * In general, if sb refers to an instance of a <code>StringBuffer</code>, 
 * then <code>sb.append(x)</code> has the same effect as 
 * <code>sb.insert(sb.length(), x)</code>.
 * <p>
 * Whenever an operation occurs involving a source sequence (such as
 * appending or inserting from a source sequence) this class synchronizes
 * only on the string buffer performing the operation, not on the source.
 * <p>
 * Every string buffer has a capacity. As long as the length of the 
 * character sequence contained in the string buffer does not exceed 
 * the capacity, it is not necessary to allocate a new internal 
 * buffer array. If the internal buffer overflows, it is 
 * automatically made larger. 
 *
 * As of  release JDK 5, this class has been supplemented with an equivalent 
 * class designed for use by a single thread, {@link StringBuilder}.  The 
 * <tt>StringBuilder</tt> class should generally be used in preference to 
 * this one, as it supports all of the same operations but it is faster, as 
 * it performs no synchronization.
 *
 * @author	Arthur van Hoff
 * @version 	1.101, 11/17/05
 * @see     java.lang.StringBuilder
 * @see     java.lang.String
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
 public final class StringBuffer
    extends AbstractStringBuilder
    implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence
{

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    static final long serialVersionUID = 3388685877147921107L;

    /**
     * Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and an 
     * initial capacity of 16 characters. 
     */
    public StringBuffer() {
	super(16);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and 
     * the specified initial capacity. 
     *
     * @param      capacity  the initial capacity.
     * @exception  NegativeArraySizeException  if the <code>capacity</code>
     *               argument is less than <code>0</code>.
     */
    public StringBuffer(int capacity) {
	super(capacity);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string buffer initialized to the contents of the 
     * specified string. The initial capacity of the string buffer is 
     * <code>16</code> plus the length of the string argument.
     *
     * @param   str   the initial contents of the buffer.
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is <code>null</code>
     */
    public StringBuffer(String str) {
	super(str.length() + 16);
	append(str);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a string buffer that contains the same characters
     * as the specified <code>CharSequence</code>. The initial capacity of
     * the string buffer is <code>16</code> plus the length of the
     * <code>CharSequence</code> argument.
     * <p>
     * If the length of the specified <code>CharSequence</code> is
     * less than or equal to zero, then an empty buffer of capacity
     * <code>16</code> is returned.
     *
     * @param      seq   the sequence to copy.
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>seq</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public StringBuffer(CharSequence seq) {
        this(seq.length() + 16);
        append(seq);
    }

    public synchronized int length() {
	return count;
    }

    public synchronized int capacity() {
	return value.length;
    }


    ...