python——函数

函数

python也分形参实参

函数文档（突然发现tab是好用的）

 def myfirstfun(name):

'xxxx'

#xxxxx

print(name)

>>> myfirstfun(x）

   

SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier

>>> myfirstfun('x')

x

>>> myfirstfun.__doc__

'xxxx'

>>> help(myfirstfun)

Help on function myfirstfun in module __main__:

myfirstfun(name)

    xxxx

>>> print.__doc__

"print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)\n\nPrints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.\nOptional keyword arguments:\nfile:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.\nsep:   string inserted between values, default a space.\nend:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.\nflush: whether to forcibly flush the stream."

>>> help(print)

Help on built-in function print in module builtins:

print(...)

    print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

    

    Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.

    Optional keyword arguments:

    file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.

    sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.

    end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.

    flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.

>>> 

关键字参数

>>> tell('misszhou','让编程编织梦想')

misszhou让编程编织梦想

>>> tell(wors='words',name='misszhou')

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module>

    tell(wors='words',name='misszhou')

TypeError: tell() got an unexpected keyword argument 'wors'

>>> tell(words='words',name='misszhou')

misszhouwords

默认参数

>>> def saysome(name='name',word='word'):

print(name+word)

>>> saysome

<function saysome at 0x000000A74A7969D8>

>>> saysome()

nameword

收集参数（这玩意别的语言没有，类C语言有可变参数啊）print的实现

>>> def test(*par):

print('len',len(par))

print(par[0])

>>> test(1,2,3,4)

len 4

1

>>> def test(*par,exp=8)

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> def test(*par,exp=8):

print('len:',len(par),exp)

print('第二个参数为',par[1])

>>> test(1,2,3,4)

len: 4 8

第二个参数为 2

函数与过程

python可以返回多个值（通过列表打包呗）

>>> def back():

return 1,'misszhou'

>>> back()

(1, 'misszhou')

python也分全局变量/局部变量

一段神奇的代码

def discount(price,rate):

    fin_price=price*rate

    # print('这里试图打印全局变量old_price:',old_price)

    old_price=50

    print('1修改后oldprice的值',old_price)

    return fin_price

old_price=float(input('请输入原价:'))

rate=float(input('请输入折扣;'))

new_price=discount(old_price,rate)

print('2修改后oldprice的值',old_price)

print('折扣后价格:',new_price)

请输入原价:100

请输入折扣;0.9

1修改后oldprice的值 50

2修改后oldprice的值 100.0

折扣后价格: 90.0

为什么呢？在函数里面的那个是新创建的局部变量！！不是原来的那个全局变量

我要是想在函数里面修改全局变量，也可以嵌套定义

内嵌函数和闭包

global关键字（这玩意和php一样啊=w=）

>>> count=5

>>> def myfun()

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> def myfun():

count=10

print(count)

>>> def myfun()

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> myfun()

10

>>> print(count)

5

>>> def myfun():

global count

count=10

print(10）

      

SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier

>>> def myfun():

global count

count=10

print(10)

>>> def myfun():

global count

count=10

print(count)

>>> def myfun()

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> myfun()

10

>>> print(count)

10

函数嵌套

>>> def fun1():

print('fun1')

def fun2():

print('fun2')

fun2()

>>> fun1()

fun1

fun2

>>> fun2()

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<pyshell#68>", line 1, in <module>

    fun2()

NameError: name 'fun2' is not defined

>>> fun1().fun2()

fun1

fun2

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<pyshell#69>", line 1, in <module>

    fun1().fun2()

AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'fun2'

闭包（这玩意js有啊）

>>> def funx(x):

def funy(y):

return x*y

return funy

>>> i=funx(8)

>>> i

<function funx.<locals>.funy at 0x0000004A51346A60>

>>> type(i)

<class 'function'>

>>> i(5)

40

>>> funx(4)(4)

16

>>> funy(8)

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<pyshell#80>", line 1, in <module>

    funy(8)

NameError: name 'funy' is not defined

>>> def fun1():

x=5

def fun2():

x*=x

return x

return fun2()

>>> fun1()

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<pyshell#88>", line 1, in <module>

    fun1()

  File "<pyshell#87>", line 6, in fun1

    return fun2()

  File "<pyshell#87>", line 4, in fun2

    x*=x

UnboundLocalError: local variable 'x' referenced before assignment

>>> def fun1():

x[0]=5

def fun2():

x[0]*=x[0]

return x[0]

return fun2()

>>> fun1()

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<pyshell#91>", line 1, in <module>

    fun1()

  File "<pyshell#90>", line 2, in fun1

    x[0]=5

NameError: name 'x' is not defined

>>> def fun1():

x=[5]

def fun2():

x[0]*=x[0]

return x[0]

return fun2()

>>> fun1()

25

>>> def fun1():

x=5

def fun2():

nonlocal x

x*=x

return x

return fun2()

>>> fun1()

25

lambda表达式

参数：返回值

>>> x=lambda x,y:x+y

>>> print(x)

<function <lambda> at 0x0000004A51346EA0>

>>> x(3,4)

7

这玩意在js里面不也有么……

lambda表达式的作用

省下定义函数的作用、不需要考虑函数名、省得函数阅读跳到开头定义部分

filter()过滤器

help(filter)

Help on class filter in module builtins:

class filter(object)

 |  filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object

 |  

 |  Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)

 |  is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.

 |  

 |  Methods defined here:

 |  

 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)

 |      Return getattr(self, name).

 |  

 |  __iter__(self, /)

 |      Implement iter(self).

 |  

 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type

 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

 |  

 |  __next__(self, /)

 |      Implement next(self).

 |  

 |  __reduce__(...)<pre name="code" class="python">>>> def odd(x):

return x%2

>>> temp=range(10)

>>> show=filter(odd,temp)

>>> list(show)

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

| Return state information for pickling.filter(None,[1,0,False,True])<filter object at 0x0000004A5135B240>>>> list(filter(None,[1,0,False,True]))

[1, True]

默认把一切非正的过滤掉

自定义：

>>> def odd(x):

return x%2

>>> temp=range(10)

>>> show=filter(odd,temp)

>>> list(show)

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

学以致用精简一下

>>> list(filter(lambda x:x%2,range(10)))

map()

映射

list(map(lambda x:x%2,range(10)))

[0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]

递归

可以人为规定递归层数

import sys

sys.setrecursionlimit(10000)

输出阶乘

def func(num):

    if(num==1):

        return 1

    return num*func(num-1)

num=int(input())

print(func(num))

递归的斐波那契

def fun(n):

    if(n==3):

        return 2

    elif(n==2):

        return 1

    return fun(n-1)+fun(n-2)

print(fun(12))

汉诺塔

def hano(n,x,y,z):

    if(n==1):

        print(x,"-->",z)

        return

    hano(n-1,x,z,y)

    print(x,"-->",z)

    hano(n-1,y,x,z)

n=int(input())

hano(n,'x','y','z')