Elasticsearch-13.基于词项和基与全文的搜索与结构化搜索

Elasticsearch

基于词项和基与全文的搜索

基于Term的查询

• Term的重要性
  Term是表达语意的最小单位 。搜索和利用统计语言模型进行自然语言处理都需要处理Term
• 特点

  • Term Level Query: Term Query / Range Query / Exists Query / Prefix Query /Wildcard Query

  • 在ES中，Term查询，对输入不做分词。会将输入作为一个整体，在倒排索引中查找准确的词项，并
    且使用相关度算分公式为每个包含该词项的文档进行相关度算分-例如“Apple Store”

  • 可以通过Constant Score将查询转换成一个Filtering， 避免算分，并利用缓存，提高性能

关于Term查询的例子

多字段Mapping和Term查询

复合查询一Constant Score转为Filter

• 将 Query转成Filter,忽略TF- -IDF计算，避免相关性算分的开销
• Filter 可以有效利用缓存

基于全文的查询

• 基于全文本的查找

  • Match Query / Match Phrase Query / Query String Query

• 特点

  • 索引和搜索时都会进行分词，查询字符串先传递到一个合适的分词器，然后生成一个供查询的词项列表
  • 查询时候，先会对输入的查询进行分词，然后每个词项逐个进行底层的查询，最终将结果进行合并。并为每个文档生成一个算分。-例如查“Matrix reloaded"，会查到包括Matrix或者reload的所有结果。

Match Query Result

Operator

Minimum_ should match

Match Phrase Query

Match Query查询过程

API

DELETE products
PUT products
{
  "settings": {
    "number_of_shards": 1
  }
}


POST /products/_bulk
{ "index": { "_id": 1 }}
{ "productID" : "XHDK-A-1293-#fJ3","desc":"iPhone" }
{ "index": { "_id": 2 }}
{ "productID" : "KDKE-B-9947-#kL5","desc":"iPad" }
{ "index": { "_id": 3 }}
{ "productID" : "JODL-X-1937-#pV7","desc":"MBP" }

GET /products

POST /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "desc": {
        //"value": "iPhone"
        "value":"iphone"
      }
    }
  }
}

POST /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "desc.keyword": {
        //"value": "iPhone"
        //"value":"iphone"
      }
    }
  }
}


POST /products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "productID": {
        "value": "XHDK-A-1293-#fJ3"
      }
    }
  }
}

POST /products/_search
{
  //"explain": true,
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "productID.keyword": {
        "value": "XHDK-A-1293-#fJ3"
      }
    }
  }
}




POST /products/_search
{
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "term": {
          "productID.keyword": "XHDK-A-1293-#fJ3"
        }
      }

    }
  }
}


#设置 position_increment_gap
DELETE groups
PUT groups
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "names":{
        "type": "text",
        "position_increment_gap": 0
      }
    }
  }
}

GET groups/_mapping

POST groups/_doc
{
  "names": [ "John Water", "Water Smith"]
}

POST groups/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase": {
      "names": {
        "query": "Water Water",
        "slop": 100
      }
    }
  }
}


POST groups/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase": {
      "names": "Water Smith"
    }
  }
}

结构化搜索

结构化数据

• 结构化搜索 (Structured search)是 指对结构化数据的搜索
  + 日期，布尔类型和数字都是结构化的
• 文本也可以是结构化的。
  • 如彩色笔可以有离散的颜色集合: 红(red) 、 绿(green)、 蓝(blue)
  • 一个博客可能被标记了标签，例如，分布式(distributed) 和搜索(search)
  • 电商网站.上的商品都有UPCs (通 用产品码Universal Product Codes)或其他的唯一标
    识，它们都需要遵从严格规定的、结构化的格式。

ES中的结构化搜索

• 布尔， 时间，日期和数字这类结构化数据:有精确的格式，我们可以对这些格式进行逻辑操
  作。包括比较数字或时间的范围，或判定两个值的大小。
• 结构化的文本可以做精确匹配或者部分匹配
  Term查询/ Prefix前缀查询
• 结构化结果只有 “是”或“否”两个值
  根据场景需要，可以决定结构化搜索是否需要打分

布尔值

数字Range

日期Range

处理空值

查找多个精确值

包含而不是相等

API

#结构化搜索，精确匹配
DELETE products
POST /products/_bulk
{ "index": { "_id": 1 }}
{ "price" : 10,"avaliable":true,"date":"2018-01-01", "productID" : "XHDK-A-1293-#fJ3" }
{ "index": { "_id": 2 }}
{ "price" : 20,"avaliable":true,"date":"2019-01-01", "productID" : "KDKE-B-9947-#kL5" }
{ "index": { "_id": 3 }}
{ "price" : 30,"avaliable":true, "productID" : "JODL-X-1937-#pV7" }
{ "index": { "_id": 4 }}
{ "price" : 30,"avaliable":false, "productID" : "QQPX-R-3956-#aD8" }

GET products/_mapping



#对布尔值 match 查询，有算分
POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "avaliable": true
    }
  }
}



#对布尔值，通过constant score 转成 filtering，没有算分
POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "term": {
          "avaliable": true
        }
      }
    }
  }
}


#数字类型 Term
POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "price": 30
    }
  }
}

#数字类型 terms
POST products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "terms": {
          "price": [
            "20",
            "30"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

#数字 Range 查询
GET products/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "constant_score" : {
            "filter" : {
                "range" : {
                    "price" : {
                        "gte" : 20,
                        "lte"  : 30
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}


# 日期 range
POST products/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "constant_score" : {
            "filter" : {
                "range" : {
                    "date" : {
                      "gte" : "now-1y"
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}



#exists查询
POST products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "exists": {
          "field": "date"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

#处理多值字段
POST /movies/_bulk
{ "index": { "_id": 1 }}
{ "title" : "Father of the Bridge Part II","year":1995, "genre":"Comedy"}
{ "index": { "_id": 2 }}
{ "title" : "Dave","year":1993,"genre":["Comedy","Romance"] }


#处理多值字段，term 查询是包含，而不是等于
POST movies/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "term": {
          "genre.keyword": "Comedy"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}


#字符类型 terms
POST products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "terms": {
          "productID.keyword": [
            "QQPX-R-3956-#aD8",
            "JODL-X-1937-#pV7"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}



POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "price": 30
    }
  }
}


POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "date": "2019-01-01"
    }
  }
}

POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "date": "2019-01-01"
    }
  }
}




POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "term": {
          "productID.keyword": "XHDK-A-1293-#fJ3"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "productID.keyword": "XHDK-A-1293-#fJ3"
    }
  }
}

#对布尔数值
POST products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "term": {
          "avaliable": "false"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

POST products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "avaliable": {
        "value": "false"
      }
    }
  }
}

POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "term": {
      "price": {
        "value": "20"
      }
    }
  }
}

POST products/_search
{
  "profile": "true",
  "explain": true,
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "price": "20"
    }
    }
  }
}


POST products/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "bool": {
          "must_not": {
            "exists": {
              "field": "date"
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

本节知识点回顾

• 结构化数据&结构化搜索
  • 如果不需要算分，可以通过Constant Score,将查询转为Filtering
• 范围查询和Date Math
• 使用Exist查询处理非空Null值
• 精确值&多值字段的精确值查找
  • Term查询是包含，不是完全相等。针对多值字段查询要尤其注意