Maven的聚合和继承（六）

我们使用Maven应用到实际项目的时候，需要将项目分成不同的模块。这个时候，Maven的聚合特性能够把项目的各个模块聚合在一起构件，而Maven的继承特性则能帮助抽取各模块相同的依赖和插件等配置。在简化POM的同时，还能促进各个模块配置的一致性。下面以具体项目来讲解:

1. 项目结构

以上有五个项目分别为user-parent, user-core, user-log, user-dao, user-service. 其中user-parent项目为其他项目的父项目，只是帮助其他模块构建的工具，它本身并无实质的内容，只有一个pom.xml文件。

2. user-parent的pom.xml详情如下（下文简称为父POM）

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< project xmlns = "http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"    xsi:schemaLocation = "http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd" >    < modelVersion >4.0.0</ modelVersion >      < groupId >com.liangbo.user</ groupId >    < artifactId >user-parent</ artifactId >    < version >0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</ version >    < packaging >pom</ packaging >      < modules >        < module >../user-core</ module >        < module >../user-dao</ module >        < module >../user-log</ module >        < module >../user-service</ module >    </ modules >        < properties >      < project.build.sourceEncoding >UTF-8</ project.build.sourceEncoding >      < junit.version >4.10</ junit.version >      < mysql.driver >com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</ mysql.driver >      < mysql.url >jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mysql</ mysql.url >      < mysql.username >root</ mysql.username >      < mysql.password >password</ mysql.password >    </ properties >        < dependencyManagement >      < dependencies >          < dependency >              < groupId >junit</ groupId >              < artifactId >junit</ artifactId >              < version >${junit.version}</ version >              < scope >test</ scope >          </ dependency >                    < dependency >              < groupId >com.liangbo.user</ groupId >              < artifactId >user-core</ artifactId >              < version >0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</ version >          </ dependency >                    < dependency >              < groupId >com.liangbo.user</ groupId >              < artifactId >user-log</ artifactId >              < version >0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</ version >          </ dependency >                    < dependency >              < groupId >com.liangbo.user</ groupId >              < artifactId >user-dao</ artifactId >              < version >0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</ version >          </ dependency >                    < dependency >              < groupId >com.liangbo.user</ groupId >              < artifactId >user-log</ artifactId >              < version >0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</ version >              < exclusions >                  < exclusion >                      < groupId >log4j</ groupId >                      < artifactId >log4j</ artifactId >                  </ exclusion >              </ exclusions >          </ dependency >            < dependency >              < groupId >log4j</ groupId >              < artifactId >log4j</ artifactId >              < version >1.2.9</ version >          </ dependency >                < dependency >              < groupId >commons-logging</ groupId >              < artifactId >commons-logging</ artifactId >              < version >1.1.1</ version >          </ dependency >            < dependency >              < groupId >org.hibernate</ groupId >              < artifactId >hibernate-core</ artifactId >              < version >3.6.10.Final</ version >          </ dependency >            < dependency >              < groupId >log4j</ groupId >              < artifactId >log4j</ artifactId >              < version >1.2.16</ version >          </ dependency >                < dependency >              < groupId >mysql</ groupId >              < artifactId >mysql-connector-java</ artifactId >              < version >5.1.26</ version >          </ dependency >            < dependency >              < groupId >org.slf4j</ groupId >              < artifactId >slf4j-log4j12</ artifactId >              < version >1.7.5</ version >          </ dependency >            < dependency >              < groupId >javassist</ groupId >              < artifactId >javassist</ artifactId >              < version >3.12.1.GA</ version >          </ dependency >                </ dependencies >    </ dependencyManagement >        < build >        < pluginManagement >            < plugins >                < plugin >                  < groupId >org.apache.maven.plugins</ groupId >                  < artifactId >maven-source-plugin</ artifactId >                  < version >2.2.1</ version >                  < executions >                      < execution >                          < phase >package</ phase >                          < goals >< goal >jar-no-fork</ goal ></ goals >                      </ execution >                  </ executions >              </ plugin >                            < plugin >                  < groupId >org.codehaus.mojo</ groupId >                  < artifactId >sql-maven-plugin</ artifactId >                  < version >1.5</ version >                  < dependencies >                      < dependency >                          < groupId >mysql</ groupId >                          < artifactId >mysql-connector-java</ artifactId >                          < version >5.1.26</ version >                      </ dependency >                  </ dependencies >                  < configuration >                      < driver >${mysql.driver}</ driver >                      < url >${mysql.url}</ url >                      < username >${mysql.username}</ username >                      < password >${mysql.password}</ password >                      < sqlCommand >                          create database IF NOT EXISTS maven_test                      </ sqlCommand >                  </ configuration >                                 < executions >                      < execution >                          < phase >package</ phase >                          < goals >                              < goal >execute</ goal >                          </ goals >                      </ execution >                                 </ executions >              </ plugin >                            < plugin >                  < groupId >org.apache.maven.plugins</ groupId >                  < artifactId >maven-rar-plugin</ artifactId >                  < version >2.3</ version >                  < executions >                      < execution >                          < phase >package</ phase >                          < goals >< goal >rar</ goal ></ goals >                      </ execution >                  </ executions >              </ plugin >            </ plugins >        </ pluginManagement >    </ build > </ project >

上面的pom.xml文件既有Maven的聚合特性又有继承特性。这样做是为了更加方便管理其他模块。其中元素modules，是实现聚合的最核心配置。多个子模块之间的pom有很多的相同的配置，这时候可以全部提取出来放到父项目中。重复往往就意味着更多的劳动和更多的潜在的问题。那么子模块如何来继承他的父项目呢？

3. 下面来看下user-core项目pom.xml的配置

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< project xmlns = "http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"    xsi:schemaLocation = "http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd" >    < modelVersion >4.0.0</ modelVersion >      < parent >        < groupId >com.liangbo.user</ groupId >        < artifactId >user-parent</ artifactId >        < version >0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</ version >        < relativePath >../user-parent/pom.xml</ relativePath >    </ parent >      < artifactId >user-core</ artifactId >    < packaging >jar</ packaging >      < name >user-core</ name >    < url >http://maven.apache.org</ url >      < dependencies >      < dependency >        < groupId >junit</ groupId >        < artifactId >junit</ artifactId >      </ dependency >        < dependency >          < groupId >org.hibernate</ groupId >          < artifactId >hibernate-core</ artifactId >      </ dependency >        < dependency >          < groupId >log4j</ groupId >          < artifactId >log4j</ artifactId >      </ dependency >        < dependency >          < groupId >mysql</ groupId >          < artifactId >mysql-connector-java</ artifactId >      </ dependency >        < dependency >          < groupId >org.slf4j</ groupId >          < artifactId >slf4j-log4j12</ artifactId >      </ dependency >        < dependency >          < groupId >javassist</ groupId >          < artifactId >javassist</ artifactId >      </ dependency >    </ dependencies >        < build >        < plugins >            < plugin >                < groupId >org.apache.maven.plugins</ groupId >              < artifactId >maven-source-plugin</ artifactId >            </ plugin >                        < plugin >                < groupId >org.codehaus.mojo</ groupId >              < artifactId >sql-maven-plugin</ artifactId >            </ plugin >                        < plugin >                < groupId >org.apache.maven.plugins</ groupId >              < artifactId >maven-rar-plugin</ artifactId >            </ plugin >        </ plugins >    </ build > </ project >

其中设置好relativePath非常重要，不然无法找到父POM。这时候子POM中只需要配置groupId和artifactId就可以了。

4. 依赖管理和插件管理

上述子POM配置简单了很多，是因为父POM引用了依赖管理和插件管理的概念。如果父POM没有配置依赖管理和插件管理的话，继承它的子模块会将父所有的依赖和插件都继承下来，显然这是不可行的。接下来讲下如何配置的：

Maven提供的dependencyManagement元素既能让子模块继承到父模块的依赖配置，又能保证子模块依赖使用的灵活性。在dependencyManagement元素下的依赖声明不会引入实际的依赖，不过它可以约束dependencies下的依赖使用。插件管理同上，需要在父POM中加入pluginManagement元素。

最后，说下聚合与继承的关系，多模块Maven中的聚合与继承其实是两个不同的概念，其目的是不同的。前者主要是为了方便快速构建项目，后者主要是为了消除重复配置。